Image coding apparatus for coding tile boundaries

ABSTRACT

Circuity for executing operations is provided. The operations divide a picture into tiles. The tiles are coded to generate pieces of coded data, each of which corresponds to a different one of the tiles. A bitstream is generated to include the pieces of coded data. In this regard, the coding of the tiles includes generating a first code string by: coding a first tile with reference to coding information of an already-coded tile neighboring the first tile when a boundary between the first and already-coded tiles is a first boundary; and coding the first tile without reference to the coding information of the already-coded tile when the boundary between the first and already-coded tiles is a second boundary. The bitstream is generated to include tile boundary independence information, which indicates whether each boundary between the tiles is one of the first and second boundaries.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/991,061,filed May 29, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/469,611, filed Mar. 27, 2017 and now U.S. Pat. 10/009,609,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/142,007,filed Apr. 29, 2016 and now U.S. Pat. No. 9,648,328, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/492,587, filed Sep.22, 2014 and now U.S. Pat. No. 9,355,467, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/090,592, filed Nov. 26, 2013 and nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,879,860, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/568,444, filed Aug. 7, 2012 and now U.S. Pat.No. 8,620,097, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/522,382, filed Aug. 11, 2011. The disclosures ofthese documents, including the specifications, drawings, and claims, areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to an image coding method, an imagedecoding method, an image coding apparatus, an image decoding apparatus,and an image coding and decoding apparatus.

Background

H.264 is widely known as a standardized image coding method. In such animage coding method, slices are used as a technique of dividing andcoding a picture. By using slices, an image decoding apparatus candecode the respective slices included in the picture independently.

Furthermore, in recent years, a coding technique called tiles has beenproposed as a new technique for dividing and coding a picture (forexample, see Non Patent Literature 1).

CITATION LIST Non Patent Literature

-   [Non Patent Literature 1] “Tiles” (JCTVC-F355) Joint Collaborative    Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC    JTC1/SC29/WG11 6th Meeting: Torino, IT, 14-22 Jul. 2011-   [NON PATENT LITERATURE 2] “NEW RESULTS FOR PARALLEL DECODING FOR    TILES” (JCTVC-F594)JOINT COLLABORATIVE TEAM ON VIDEO CODING (JCT-VC)    of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 6th Meeting: Torino,    IT, 14-22 Jul. 2011

SUMMARY Technical Problem

Demands for the reduction of processing load and improvement of codingefficiency have been placed on such an image coding method and imagedecoding method.

In view of this, non-limiting and exemplary embodiments provide imagecoding methods and image decoding methods that are capable of reducingprocessing load and improving coding efficiency.

Solution to Problem

An image coding method according to an aspect of the present disclosureincludes: dividing a picture into tiles; coding the tiles to generatepieces of coded data each of which corresponds to a different one of thetiles; and generating a bitstream including the pieces of coded data,wherein the coding of the tiles includes: generating a first code stringby coding a first tile which is one of the tiles, without referring tocoding information used in coding another one of the tiles; and adding abit string after the first code string to make a bit length of firstcoded data which is one of the pieces of coded data, a multiple of apredetermined N bits, N being an integer greater than or equal to 2.

It should be noted that these general and specific aspects may beimplemented using a system, a method, an integrated circuit, a computerprogram, or a computer-readable recording medium such as a CD-ROM, orany combination of systems, methods, integrated circuits, computerprograms, or computer-readable recording media.

Additional benefits and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will beapparent from the Specification and Drawings. The benefits and/oradvantages may be individually obtained by the various embodiments andfeatures of the Specification and Drawings, which need not all beprovided in order to obtain one or more of such benefits and/oradvantages.

Advantageous Effects

The present disclosure provides an image coding method and an imagedecoding method that are capable of reducing processing load andimproving coding efficiency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

These and other objects, advantages and features of the disclosure willbecome apparent from the following description thereof taken inconjunction with the accompanying drawings that illustrate a specificembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an image coding apparatus according toEmbodiment 1 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of picture division according to Embodiment 1 ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a diagram showing an example of a tile division patternaccording to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a diagram showing an example of a tile division patternaccording to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3C is a diagram showing an example of a tile division patternaccording to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4A is a diagram showing an example of tile boundary independenceinformation according to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4B is a diagram showing an example of tile boundary independenceinformation according to Embodiment 1 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according toEmbodiment 1 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an image coding apparatus according toEmbodiment 2 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7A is a diagram showing an example of a tile scanning orderaccording to Embodiment 2 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7B is a diagram showing an example of a tile scanning orderaccording to Embodiment 2 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7C is a diagram showing an example of a tile scanning orderaccording to Embodiment 2 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7D is a diagram showing an example of a tile scanning orderaccording to Embodiment 2 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according toEmbodiment 2 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an image coding apparatus according toEmbodiment 3 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a marker insertion process according toEmbodiment 3 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according toEmbodiment 3 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an image coding apparatus according toEmbodiment 4 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13A is a flowchart for an image coding method according toEmbodiment 4 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13B is a flowchart for coding according to Embodiment 4 of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a diagram showing byte alignment according to Embodiment 4 ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus according toEmbodiment 4 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16A is a flowchart for an image decoding method according toEmbodiment 4 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16B is a flowchart for decoding according to Embodiment 4 of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 17A is a diagram showing an example of a tile division pattern.

FIG. 17B is a diagram showing a processing order of blocks included in atile.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of an overall configuration of a content providingsystem for implementing content distribution services.

FIG. 19 is a diagram of an overall configuration of a digitalbroadcasting system.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing an example of a configuration of atelevision.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram showing an example of a configuration of aninformation reproducing/recording unit that reads and writes informationfrom or on a recording medium that is an optical disk.

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of arecording medium that is an optical disk.

FIG. 23A is a diagram showing an example of a cellular phone.

FIG. 23B is a block diagram showing an example of a configuration of acellular phone.

FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating a structure of multiplexed data.

FIG. 25 is a diagram schematically illustrating how each stream ismultiplexed in multiplexed data.

FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating in more detail how a video stream isstored in a stream of PES packets.

FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating a structure of TS packets and sourcepackets in the multiplexed data.

FIG. 28 is a diagram illustrating a data structure of a PMT.

FIG. 29 is a diagram illustrating an internal structure of multiplexeddata information.

FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating an internal structure of streamattribute information.

FIG. 31 is a diagram illustrating steps for identifying video data.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration ofan integrated circuit for implementing the moving picture coding methodand the moving picture decoding method according to each of embodiments.

FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating a configuration for switching betweendriving frequencies.

FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating steps for identifying video data andswitching between driving frequencies.

FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating an example of a look-up table in whichvideo data standards are associated with driving frequencies.

FIG. 36A is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration forsharing a module of a signal processing unit.

FIG. 36B is a diagram illustrating another example of a configurationfor sharing a module of the signal processing unit.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT(S) (Underlying Knowledge Forming Basis of thePresent Disclosure)

First, the tiles shall be described using FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B.

A picture is divided into an arbitrary number of columns and rows. Then,each region that is surrounded by boundaries is called a tile.

FIG. 17A shows an example in which a picture is divided into threecolumns and three rows. As a result of the division, nine tiles, T1 toT9, are present in the picture. The column width can be set to adifferent value per column, with the largest coding unit (LCU) as aunit. Furthermore, an identical width can also be set for all thecolumns. In the same manner, the row height (the vertical width of thetiles) can be set to a different value per row, with the LCU as a unit.Furthermore, an identical height can also be set for all the rows.

When coding a picture, tiles are processed in raster scan order in thepicture. Specifically, the tiles are processed in number order, fromtile Ti at the upper left, to T2, T3, up to T9 at the lower right.

FIG. 17B shows an example of LCUs included in the respective tiles. Eachof the tiles includes one or more LCUs. For example, the tile T1includes the 16 LCUs from number 1 to number 15. When coding a picture,LCUs are processed in raster scan order in the picture. As describedabove, tiles are processed in raster scan order in the picture, and thusthe LCUs are processed in an order such as from number 1 to number 53 asshown in FIG. 17B.

In this manner, when a picture is divided into tiles, there are caseswhere the processing order of LCUs changes compared to when the pictureis not divided. On the other hand, when a picture is divided intoslices, the processing order of LCUs does not change compared to whenthe picture is not divided. In this manner, using tiles allows forarbitrary division and optimal setting of processing order, and thuscoding efficiency can be improved compared to when slices are used.

Furthermore, when coding the current LCU to be processed, normally, thecoding information of neighboring LCUs of the current LCU is used. Forexample, in intra prediction and motion vector prediction, theinformation of the neighboring LCUs of the current LCU is referred to,and such information is used in the coding of the current LCU. In otherwords, the current LCU is dependent on the neighboring LCUs. In general,prediction accuracy increases with a larger number of LCUs that can usedas reference. Accordingly, coding efficiency improves. However, an LCUthat is dependent on another LCU cannot be decoded separately from theLCU on which it is dependent.

Furthermore, a flag (tile boundary independence flag:tile_boundary_independence_idc) indicating coding dependencerelationship at the boundary of the tiles is provided. This tileboundary independence flag is allocated 1 bit. In addition, the tileboundary independence flag is sent to the image decoding apparatus bybeing included in a sequence parameter set (SPS) or a picture parameterset (PPS).

When the tile boundary independence flag is ON, the respective tiles areindependent. Specifically, when coding a certain LCU in the tile, it isnot possible to refer to coding information of LCUs beyond theboundaries of the tile, and only the coding information of LCUs withinthe tile is used in prediction. In contrast, when the tile boundaryindependence flag is OFF, the respective tiles are in a dependencerelationship. In other words, the information of all LCUs included inthe tile in which the current LCU is included and the other tiles, whichare in a usable relationship, can be used in the coding.

It should be noted that a tile may include more than one slice, and aslice may include more than one tile. However, when a slice includesmore than one tile, the LCUs belonging to the same slice are presentacross plural tiles. As a result, coding independence of tile pairscannot be maintained, and the tile boundary independence flag must beturned OFF.

Demands for the reduction of processing load and improvement of codingefficiency have been placed on such an image coding method and imagedecoding method.

In view of this, an image coding method, an image decoding method, animage coding apparatus, and an image decoding apparatus that are capableof reducing processing load or improving coding efficiency shall bedescribed in these embodiments.

In order to solve such a problem, an image coding method according to anaspect of the present disclosure includes: dividing a picture intotiles; coding the tiles to generate pieces of coded data each of whichcorresponds to a different one of the tiles; and generating a bitstreamincluding the pieces of coded data, wherein the coding of the tilesincludes: generating a first code string by coding a first tile which isone of the tiles, without referring to coding information used in codinganother one of the tiles; and adding a bit string after the first codestring to make a bit length of first coded data which is one of thepieces of coded data, a multiple of a predetermined N bits, N being aninteger greater than or equal to 2.

Accordingly, the coded data of each tile becomes a multiple of apredetermined number of bits. Therefore, it becomes easy to handle codeddata in the image decoding apparatus. Furthermore, the image decodingapparatus can easily identify the lead position of the coded data of atile. In this manner, the image coding method can reduce the processingload of an image decoding apparatus.

For example, the generating of a first code string may includeperforming arithmetic coding to generate the first code string, and inthe performing of arithmetic coding, termination which concludes thefirst code string may be performed.

Accordingly, an image decoding apparatus can handle the coded data ofeach tile independently.

For example, in the dividing, boundaries between the tiles may beclassified into a first boundary or a second boundary, in the coding ofthe tiles, each tile may be coded by referring to coding information ofa tile located across the first boundary without referring to codinginformation of a tile located across the second boundary, among codedones of the tiles neighboring the each tile, and in the generating of abitstream, the bitstream including tile boundary independenceinformation may be generated, the tile boundary independence informationindicating whether each of the boundaries is the first boundary of thesecond boundary.

Accordingly, the dependence relationships for tile pairs are set on atile boundary basis. Therefore, coding efficiency is improved comparedto when the tile pair dependence relationships are set, for example, ona picture basis.

For example, the tile boundary independence information may be includedin a picture parameter set or a sequence parameter set included in thebitstream.

For example, in the dividing, a coding order of the tiles may bedetermined, in the coding of the tiles, the tiles may be coded in thedetermined coding order, and in the generating of a bitstream, thebitstream including tile processing order information indicating thecoding order may be generated.

Accordingly, the tile decoding order in an image decoding apparatus canbe arbitrarily set. Therefore, for example, among the images of regionsincluded in a picture, the image of a region having a high priority canbe decoded ahead in the image decoding apparatus.

For example, the tile processing order information may be included in apicture parameter set or a sequence parameter set included in thebitstream.

For example, in the generating of a bitstream, a marker may be insertedonly at a data boundary for which a boundary between two of the tilesrespectively corresponding to two of the pieces of coded data located atopposite sides of the data boundary is a second boundary, among databoundaries of the pieces of coded data, the marker identifying the databoundary.

Accordingly, the image coding method can improve coding efficiencycompared to when markers are inserted at all tile boundaries.

Furthermore, an image decoding method according to an aspect of thepresent disclosure includes: obtaining pieces of coded data included ina bitstream and generated by coding tiles obtained by dividing apicture; and decoding the pieces of coded data to generate image data ofthe tiles, wherein the decoding of the pieces of coded data includes:generating image data of a first tile which is one of the tiles bydecoding a first code string included in first coded data withoutreferring to decoding information used in decoding another one of thetiles, the first coded data being one of the pieces of coded data; andskipping a predetermined bit string located after the first code stringin the first coded data.

Accordingly, the image decoding method can easily identify the leadposition of the coded data of a tile. In this manner, the image decodingmethod can reduce the processing load of an image decoding apparatus.

For example, the generating of image data may include performingarithmetic decoding on the first code string, and the performing ofarithmetic decoding may include, prior to the skipping, performingtermination which concludes the arithmetic decoding on the first codestring.

Accordingly, an image decoding apparatus can handle the coded data ofeach tile independently.

For example, the decoding of the pieces of coded data may includegenerating image data of a second tile which is one of the tiles, bydecoding a second code string included in second coded data which islocated after the first coded data in the pieces of coded data.

Furthermore, an image coding apparatus according to an aspect of thepresent disclosure includes: a division unit configured to divide apicture into tiles; a coding unit configured to code the tiles togenerate pieces of coded data each of which corresponds to a differentone of the tiles; and a bitstream generation unit configured to generatea bitstream including the pieces of coded data, wherein the coding unitis configured to: generate a first code string by coding a first tilewhich is one of the tiles without referring to coding information usedin coding another one of the tiles; and add a bit string after the firstcode string to make a bit length of first coded data which is one of thepieces of coded data, a multiple of a predetermined N bits, N being aninteger greater than or equal to 2.

Accordingly, the coded data of each tile becomes a multiple of apredetermined number of bits. Therefore, it becomes easy to handle codeddata in the image decoding apparatus. Furthermore, the image decodingapparatus can easily identify the lead position of the coded data of atile. In this manner, the image coding apparatus is capable of reducingthe processing load of an image decoding apparatus.

Furthermore, an image decoding apparatus according to an aspect of thepresent disclosure includes: a parsing unit configured to obtain piecesof coded data included in a bitstream and generated by coding tilesobtained by dividing a picture; and a decoding unit configured to decodethe coded data to generate image data of the tiles, wherein the decodingunit is configured to: generate image data of a first tile which is oneof the tiles by decoding a first code string included in first codeddata without referring to decoding information used in decoding anotherone of the tiles, the first coded data being one of the pieces of codeddata; and skip a predetermined bit string located after the first codestring in the first coded data.

Accordingly, the image decoding apparatus is capable of easilyidentifying the lead position of the coded data of a tile. In thismanner, the image decoding apparatus is capable of reducing theprocessing load.

Furthermore, an image coding and decoding apparatus according to anaspect of the present disclosure includes: the image coding apparatus;and an image decoding apparatus including: a parsing unit configured toobtain pieces of coded data included in a bitstream and generated bycoding tiles obtained by dividing a picture; and a decoding unitconfigured to decode the coded data to generate image data of the tiles,wherein the decoding unit is configured to: generate image data of afirst tile which is one of the tiles by decoding a first code stringincluded in first coded data without referring to decoding informationused in decoding another one of the tiles, the first coded data beingone of the pieces of coded data; and skip a predetermined bit stringlocated after the first code string in the first coded data.

It should be noted that these general and specific aspects may beimplemented using a system, a method, an integrated circuit, a computerprogram, or a computer-readable recording medium such as a CD-ROM, orany combination of systems, methods, integrated circuits, computerprograms, or computer-readable recording media.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure shall be describedwith reference to the Drawings.

It is to be noted that each of the embodiments described below shows ageneral or specific example. The numerical values, shapes, materials,structural elements, the arrangement and connection of the structuralelements, steps, the processing order of the steps etc. shown in thefollowing embodiments are mere examples, and therefore do not limit thescope of the appended claims. Therefore, among the structural elementsin the following exemplary embodiments, structural elements not recitedin any one of the independent claims defining the most generic conceptare described as arbitrary structural elements.

Embodiment 1

As described above, when tile pair dependence relationships are set on apicture basis, the dependence relationships of all the tile pairs in thepicture are cut according to such setting. With this, the inventors havefound that there is the problem that coding efficiency deteriorates.

In contrast, in the image coding apparatus according to this embodiment,the tile pair dependence relationships are set on a tile boundary basis.With this, the image coding apparatus is capable of improving codingefficiency compared to when the tile pair dependence relationships areset on a picture basis.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an image codingapparatus 100 which uses the image coding method according to thisembodiment.

The image coding apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 codes an input imagesignal 120 to generate a coded image signal 134. The image codingapparatus 100 includes a coding unit 115, a picture division controlunit 112, and a multiplex unit 114. Furthermore, the coding unit 115includes a subtractor 101, an orthogonal transform unit 102, aquantization unit 103, an inverse-quantization unit 104, aninverse-orthogonal transform unit 105, an adder 106, a block memory 107,a frame memory 108, an intra prediction unit 109, an inter predictionunit 110, a picture type determination unit 111, and a variable-lengthcoding unit 113.

The picture division control unit 112, which is an example of thedivision unit, divides a picture into more than one tile and determinesthe tile pair dependence relationship at the respective tile boundaries.Subsequently, the picture division control unit 112 transmits, to themultiplex unit 114, picture division information 135 which isinformation regarding the tile division. Specifically, the picturedivision information 135 indicates the picture division pattern and thetile pair dependence relationships.

Furthermore, the picture division control unit 112 transmits the picturedivision information 135 to the multiplexing unit 114, as a part of asequence parameter set (SPS) or picture parameter set (PPS). The pictureparameter set is a parameter set corresponding to the header of apicture. The sequence parameter set is a parameter set corresponding toa header that can be used in common for one or more pictures. Thepicture parameter set includes the type of the variable-length coding,the initial value of the quantization step, the number of referencepictures, and so on. The sequence parameter set includes the maximumnumber of pictures that can be referred to, the image size, videodisplay information (VUI: Video Usability Information), and so on.

Furthermore, the picture division control unit 112 generates, based onthe picture division pattern and the tile pair dependence relationships,a division control signal 132 for controlling the intra prediction unit109, the inter prediction unit 110, and the variable-length coding unit113.

The coding unit 115 codes the input image signal 120 to generate codeddata 133.

The subtractor 101 calculates the difference between predicted imagedata 131 generated by a processing unit described later and the inputimage signal 120 to generate prediction error data 121. The orthogonaltransform unit 102 transforms the prediction error data 121, from animage domain to a frequency domain, to generate transform coefficients122. The quantization unit 103 quantizes the transform coefficients 122to generate quantized coefficients 123.

The inverse quantization unit 104 inverse-quantizes the quantizedcoefficients 123 to generate transformed coefficients 124. Theinverse-orthogonal transform unit 105 transforms the transformedcoefficients 124, from the frequency domain to the image domain, togenerate prediction error data 125. The adder 106 adds up the predictedimage data 131 and the prediction error data 125 to generate decodedimage data 126. The block memory 107 stores the decoded image data 126,in block-units, as decoded image data 127. The frame memory 108 storesthe decoded image data 126, in frame-units, as decoded image data 128.

The intra prediction unit 109 performs intra prediction using ablock-unit of the decoded image data 127 stored in the block memory 107,to generate predicted image data 129 of the current block. Furthermore,the intra prediction unit 109 detects the tile pair dependencerelationships, based on the division control signal 132 sent from thepicture division control unit 112. Then, the intra prediction unit 109performs intra prediction without using the image information of a blockincluded in a tile whose dependence relationship with the current tileto be processed is cut.

The inter prediction unit 110 performs inter prediction using aframe-unit of the decoded image data 128 stored in the frame memory 108,to generate predicted image data 130 of the current block. Furthermore,the inter prediction unit 110 detects the tile pair dependencerelationships, based on the division control signal 132 sent from thepicture division control unit 112. Then, the inter prediction unit 110performs motion vector prediction without using the motion vectorinformation of a block included in a tile whose dependence relationshipwith the current tile is cut.

The variable-length coding unit 113 performs variable-length coding onthe quantized coefficients 123 to generate coded data 133. Thevariable-length coding unit 113 detects the tile pair dependencerelationships, based on the division control information 132 sent fromthe picture division control unit 112. In addition, the variable-lengthcoding unit 113 resets the entropy coding at a tile boundary in whichthe dependence relationship is cut.

The multiplex unit 114, which is an example of the bitstream generationunit, obtains a picture parameter set or a sequence parameter set thatis included in the picture division information 135, and multiplexes theparameters with the coded data 133 to generate a bitstream 134.

Hereinafter, the process of dividing a picture into tiles according tothe picture division control unit 112 shall be described. FIG. 2 is aflowchart of the picture dividing by the picture division control unit112 according to this embodiment.

First, the picture division control unit 112 determines the number ofcolumns which is the number of columns of tiles (S101). Next, thepicture division control unit 112 determines the number of rows which isthe number of rows of tiles (S102). Next, the picture division controlunit 112 determines whether or not both the determined number of columnsand number of rows are 1 (S103). Specifically, the picture divisioncontrol unit 112 determines whether or not the picture can be dividedinto tiles. When both the number of columns and the number of rows are 1(Yes in S103), that is, when the picture cannot be divided into tiles,the picture division control unit 112 ends the process.

On the other hand, when at least one of the number of columns and thenumber of rows is 2 or more (No in S103), that is, when the picture canbe divided into tiles, the picture division control unit 112 determinesthe coding dependency relationship at the tile boundary, and generatestile boundary independence information indicating the determineddependence relationship (S104).

Next, the picture division control unit 112 determines the width of eachcolumn (the horizontal width of the tiles), using the Largest CodingUnit as a unit. Specifically, first, the picture division control unit112 determines whether or not to set the same width for all the columnsincluded in the picture (S105). When the widths of all the columns areset to be the same (Yes in S105), the picture division control unit 112sets a column width uniform flag to “1” (S106). On the other hand, whenthe widths of the columns are different within the picture (No in S105),the picture division control unit 112 sets the column width uniform flagto “0” (S107), and determines the width for each column (S108).

Next, the picture division control unit 112 determines the height of therows, with the LCU as a unit. Specifically, first, the picture divisioncontrol unit 112 determines whether or not to set the same height to allthe rows included in the picture (S109). When the heights of all therows are the same (Yes in S109), the picture division control unit 112sets a row height uniform flag to “1” (S110). On the other hand, whenthe heights of the columns are different within the picture (No inS109), the picture division control unit 112 sets the row height uniformflag to “0” (S111), and determines the height for each row (S112).

In such manner, the picture division control unit 112 divides a pictureinto tiles. Then, the picture division control unit 112 generatespicture division information 135 which includes information indicatingthe picture division pattern as well as the tile boundary independenceinformation, and transmits, to the multiplex unit 114, the generatedpicture division information 135 as part of the sequence parameter set(SPS) or the picture parameter set (PPS). Here, the informationindicating the picture division pattern includes, for example, thenumber of columns, the number of rows, the column width uniform flag,and the row height uniform flag. Furthermore, such information includes,as necessary, the column width or the row height.

FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C are diagrams showing examples of patterns in thedivision of a picture into tiles. A broken line in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3Cindicates that the tiles on both sides of a boundary are dependent, anda solid line indicates that the tiles on both sides of the tile boundaryare independent of each other, that is, their dependence relationship iscut. Specifically, when two tiles are in a dependence relationship, theimage coding apparatus 100 codes one of the tiles by referring to thecoding information of the other. Furthermore, when two tiles areindependent of each other, the image coding apparatus 100 codes one ofthe tiles without referring to the coding information of the other.Here, coding information is information that is used in coding, and isspecifically the pixel information (pixel value) in intra prediction aswell as the motion vector information in inter prediction. In thesubsequent description, when two tiles are in a dependence relationship,it is said that the two tiles (tile pair) are dependent, and when thedependence relationship between two tiles is cut, it is said that thetwo tiles (tile pair) are independent. Furthermore, when the tiles onboth sides of a boundary are dependent, the boundary is said to bedependent, and when the tiles on both sides of the tile boundary areindependent, the boundary is said to be independent.

In FIG. 3A, tile pairs in the vertical direction (for example, the pairof T1 and T4) are dependent, and tile pairs in the horizontal direction(for example, the pair of T1 and T2) are independent. Furthermore, thetile dependence relationship at the tile boundary is indicated usingtile boundary independence information for which 2 bits are allocated.For example, the first bit indicates the tile pair dependencerelationships in the horizontal direction, and the second bit indicatesthe tile pair dependence relationships in the vertical direction. A bitis set to “1” when tiles are independent, and the bit is set to “0” whentiles are dependent. In this case, the tile boundary independenceinformation for FIG. 3A is “0b10”.

In FIG. 3B, tiles in the horizontal direction are independent, and tilesin the vertical direction are independent. Therefore, the tile boundaryindependence information is “0b01”. It should be noted that the tileboundary independence information is “0x11” when all the tile pairs areindependent, and the tile boundary independence information is “0b00”when all the tile pairs are dependent.

In FIG. 3C the tile pair dependence relationship is different at eachtile boundary. Even for tile pairs in the vertical direction, tile T1and tile T4 are independent while tile T2 and T5 are dependent. Itshould be noted that FIG. 3(c) is one example, and the tile pairdependence relationship during coding and decoding may be setarbitrarily for each boundary of neighboring tiles.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B are diagrams showing tile boundary independenceinformation when setting the tile pair dependence relationships on atile boundary basis. Tile boundary independence information 140 shown inFIG. 4A includes: 1 bit of overall dependence information 141 indicatingthe overall tile pair dependence relationship; multiple bits ((number ofcolumns—1)×number of rows) of horizontal dependence information 142indicating the tile pair dependence relationship in the horizontaldirection; and multiple bits (number of columns×(number of rows—1)) ofvertical dependence information 143 indicating the tile pair dependencerelationship in the vertical direction. Furthermore, FIG. 4A and FIG. 4Bare examples of tile boundary independence information in the case ofthe dependence relationship shown in FIG. 3C.

The respective bits included in the horizontal dependence information142 indicate sequentially, from the lead bit, the dependence relationbetween T1 and T2, the dependence relation between T2 and T3, thedependence relation between T3 and T4, the dependence relation betweenT4 and T5, the dependence relation between T5 and T6, the dependencerelation between T6 and T7, the dependence relation between T7 and T8,and the dependence relation between T8 and T9. Furthermore, therespective bits included in the vertical dependence information 143indicate sequentially, from the lead bit, the dependence relationbetween T1 and T4, the dependence relation between T2 and T5, thedependence relation between T3 and T6, the dependence relation betweenT4 and T7, the dependence relation between T5 and T8, and the dependencerelation between T6 and T9.

In the example in FIG. 3C, because T2 and T5, and T5 and T8 aredependent, the second bit and fifth bit from the lead bit of thevertical dependence information 143 are set to “0” in the tile boundaryindependence information 140 shown in FIG. 4A. It should be noted thatwhen all the tile pairs are independent, the leading 1 bit of theoverall dependence information 141 is set to “1”, and the horizontaldependence information 142 and the vertical dependence information 143are omitted.

FIG. 4B is a diagram showing another example of tile boundaryindependence information. Tile boundary independence information 145shown in FIG. 4B includes: 2 bits of overall dependence information 146indicating the tile pair dependence relationships; multiple bits((number of columns—1)×number of rows) of the horizontal dependenceinformation 142 indicating the tile pair dependence relationships in thehorizontal direction; and multiple bits (number of columns×(number ofrows—1)) of the vertical dependence information 143 indicating the tilepair dependence relationships in the vertical direction. Here, theleading two bits of the tile boundary independence information 146 arethe tile boundary independence information used in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3A.Specifically, the first bit of the tile boundary independenceinformation 146 indicates the tile pair dependence relationships in thehorizontal direction, and the second bit indicates the tile pairdependence relationships in the vertical direction. It should be notedthat the horizontal dependence information 142 and the verticaldependence information 143 are the same as those described in FIG. 4A.In the example in FIG. 3C, the tile pairs in the horizontal directionare independent. Therefore, the overall dependence information 146 is“0b10”. Furthermore, since the tile pairs in the horizontal directionare independent, the horizontal dependence information 142 is omitted.Specifically, when the dependence relationship between all the tilepairs in the horizontal direction is independent in the tile boundaryindependence information 145 shown in FIG. 4B, the horizontal dependenceinformation 142 is omitted. Furthermore, when the dependencerelationship between all the tile pairs in the vertical direction isindependent, the vertical dependence information 143 is omitted. Withthis, the number of bits of the tile boundary independence information145 can be reduced.

Here, one of the advantages of dividing a picture is that it makesparallel processing possible. For example, in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C, thepicture is divided into nine tiles, and when all the tiles areindependent, the image coding apparatus and the image decoding apparatuscan code or decode the nine tiles in parallel. In the coding anddecoding of high definition images called Super Hi-Vision and Ultra HighDefinition Television (UHDTV) which exceed the level of definition inHi-Vision, computation load is high and real-time processing isdifficult As such, when coding and decoding high definition images, theneed for parallel processing is particularly high. On the other hand, incoding, prediction accuracy deteriorates the more the dependencerelationships of tile pairs are cut. Accordingly, coding efficiencydeteriorates. Therefore, cutting dependence relationships of tire pairsbeyond what is necessary is undesirable from the point of codingefficiency.

For example, it is assumed that the image coding apparatus and the imagedecoding apparatus can use up to three processors and 3-parallelprocessing can be performed. In this situation, even in the case ofdivision into nine tiles as shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C, it issufficient to set the independent tile groups (groups each including oneor more tiles) to 3 which is equivalent to the number of processors withwhich parallel processing is possible. Dividing the picture into morethan three independent tile groups leads to unnecessary reduction incoding efficiency. Specifically, when the tile pair dependencerelationships (making tile pairs dependent or independent) are set on apicture basis, even when the image coding apparatus or the imagedecoding apparatus is only capable of 3-parallel processing, thedependence relationships of all the tile pairs in the picture are cut.This leads to deterioration of coding efficiency.

On the other hand, according to this embodiment, the dependencerelationship of tile pairs can be set on a boundary basis. With this,for example, it is possible to generate independent tile groups matchingthe number of parallels that the image coding apparatus or imagedecoding apparatus are able to parallel process. Therefore, the imagecoding apparatus 100 according to this embodiment is capable ofsuppressing the deterioration of coding efficiency and performingparallel processing of an arbitrary number of parallels. In this manner,the image coding apparatus 100 according to this embodiment is capableof improving coding efficiency.

As described above, in the image coding apparatus 100 according to thisembodiment, the picture division control unit 112 divides a picture intotiles. The coding unit 115 codes the respective tiles to generate piecesof coded data 133 each corresponding to a different one of the tiles.The multiplex unit 114 generates a bitstream including the pieces ofcoded data 133.

In addition, the picture division control unit 112 classifies eachboundary between respective pairs of tiles, among the plural tiles, intoa first boundary (dependent) and a second boundary (independent). Foreach of the tiles, the coding unit 115 codes the tile by referring tothe coding information of a tile that is located across a firstboundary, and without referring to the coding information of a tilelocated across a second boundary, among the coded tiles neighboring thetile to be coded. Furthermore, the multiplex unit 114 generates thebitstream 134 including tile boundary independence informationindicating whether each of the tile pair boundaries of the plural tilesis a first boundary or a second boundary.

This allows the dependence relationship between tiles to be set for on atile pair boundary basis. Therefore, coding efficiency is improvedcompared to when the dependence relationships of the tiles are set, forexample, on a picture basis.

Hereinafter, the image decoding apparatus according to this embodimentshall be described.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an image decoding apparatus 200 which usesthe image decoding method according to this embodiment.

The image decoding apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 5 decodes a bitstream 234to generate decoded image data 226. The image decoding apparatus 200includes a decoding unit 215, a parsing unit 201, and a picture divisioncontrol unit 212. Furthermore, the decoding unit 215 includes aninverse-quantization unit 204, an inverse-orthogonal transform unit 205,an adder 206, a block memory 207, a frame memory 208, an intraprediction unit 209, an inter prediction unit 210, a picture typedetermination unit 211, and a variable-length decoding unit 213.

Here, the bitstream 234 corresponds to the bitstream 134 generated bythe above-described image coding apparatus 100.

The parsing unit 201 parses the bitstream 234 to obtain coded data 233and picture division information 235 which is included in a sequenceparameter set or a picture parameter set of the bitstream 234. Thepicture division information 235 corresponds to the above-describedpicture division information 135, and indicates the picture divisionpattern and the tile pair dependence relationships.

Based on the picture division pattern and the tile pair dependencerelationships which are indicated by the picture division information235, the picture division control unit 212 generates a division controlsignal 232 for controlling the intra prediction unit 209, the interprediction unit 210, and the variable-length decoding unit 213.

The decoding unit 215 decodes the coded data 233 to generate decodedimage data 226.

The variable-length decoding unit 213 performs variable-length decodingon the coded data 233 to generate quantized coefficients 223.

The inverse quantization unit 204 inverse-quantizes the quantizedcoefficients 223 to generate transformed coefficients 224. Theinverse-orthogonal transform unit 205 transforms the transformedcoefficients 224, from the frequency domain to the image domain, togenerate prediction error data 225. The adder 206 adds up predictedimage data 231 and the prediction error data 225 to generate decodedimage data 226. The block memory 207 stores the decoded image data 226,in block-units, as decoded image data 227. The frame memory 208 storesthe decoded image data 226, in frame-units, as decoded image data 228.

The intra prediction unit 209 performs intra prediction using ablock-unit of the decoded image data 227 stored in the block memory 207,to generate predicted image data 229 of the current block to be decoded.Furthermore, the intra prediction unit 209 detects the tile pairdependence relationships, based on the division control signal 232 sentfrom the picture division control unit 212. Then, the intra predictionunit 209 performs intra prediction without using the image informationof a block included in a tile whose dependence relationship is cut.

The inter prediction unit 210 performs inter prediction using aframe-unit of the decoded image data 228 stored in the frame memory 208,to generate predicted image data 230 of the current block. Furthermore,the inter prediction unit 210 detects the tile pair dependencerelationships, based on the division control signal 232 sent from thepicture division control unit 212. Then, the inter prediction unit 210performs motion vector prediction without using the motion vectorinformation of a block included in a tile whose dependence relationshipis cut.

According to the above-described configuration, the image decodingapparatus 200 according to this embodiment is capable of decoding thebitstream generated by the above-described image coding apparatus 100.

Embodiment 2

In this embodiment, a modification of the previously-described imagecoding apparatus 100 according to Embodiment 1 shall be described. It isto be noted that, hereinafter, description shall be carried outprimarily on the points of difference with Embodiment 1 and overlappingdescription shall be omitted.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an image codingapparatus which uses the image coding method according to thisembodiment. The same numerical reference is given to constituentelements that are the same as those in FIG. 1.

An image coding apparatus 100A shown in FIG. 6 includes an input imagecontrol unit 150, in addition to the configuration of the image codingapparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1. Furthermore, the function of a picturedivision control unit 112A is different from that of the picturedivision control unit 112.

Specifically, in addition to the function of dividing a picture intotiles as described in Embodiment 1, the picture division control unit112A, which is an example of the division unit, determines the order forcoding and decoding the tiles, and generates picture divisioninformation 135A including tile processing order information indicatingthe determined order. Then, the picture division control unit 112Atransmits, to the multiplex unit 114, the picture division information135A including the tile processing order information, as part of asequence parameter set (SPS) or a picture parameter set (PPS).

Furthermore, the picture division control unit 112A generates, based onthe picture division pattern, the tile pair dependence relationships,and the coding order, a division control signal 132A for controlling theintra prediction unit 109, the inter prediction unit 110, thevariable-length coding unit 113, the frame memory 108, and the inputimage control unit 150. It should be noted that the picture divisioninformation 135A-based operation of the intra prediction unit 109, theinter prediction unit 110, and the variable-length coding unit 113 isthe same as in Embodiment 1.

The input image control unit 150 rearranges the input image signal 120,on a block basis, to a predetermined order, to thereby input arearranged image signal 160 to the coding unit. When the picture isdivided into tiles, the input image control unit 150 determines theorder of the blocks according to the coding order indicated by thedivision control signal 132A transmitted from the picture divisioncontrol unit 112.

In accordance with the division control signal 132A, the frame memory108 recognizes the order in which the tiles are to be processed, andstores the decoded image data 128 in an appropriate memory area.

Next, the tile processing order information indicating the order forprocessing (scanning) the tiles shall be described. By using the tileprocessing order information, the image coding apparatus and the imagedecoding apparatus can identify the tile scanning direction and thecolumn or row scanning order, and uniquely identify the coding ordecoding order of the tiles in the picture.

FIG. 7A to FIG. 7D are diagrams each showing, for a picture that hasbeen divided into nine tiles, an order in which the tiles are to beprocessed (scanned). It should be noted that the tiles are to beprocessed in an order from T1 to T9.

FIG. 7A shows the case for a raster scan. Specifically, the top row isselected and, in the selected row, the tiles are sequentially selectedin a horizontal direction (rightward direction) from the tile on theleft. When all the tiles in one row are selected, the next row below isselected and, in the selected row, the tiles are likewise sequentiallyselected in a rightward direction from the tile on the left.

In FIG. 7B, the left column is selected and, in the selected column, thetiles are sequentially selected in the vertical direction (downwarddirection) from the tile at the top. When all the tiles in one columnare selected, the next column to the left is selected and, in theselected column, the tiles are likewise sequentially selected in thedownward direction from the tile on the top. In other words, the tilesare scanned in the vertical direction.

In this manner, the scanning directions are broadly classified into thehorizontal direction and the vertical direction. Next, the row scanningorder shall be described. In FIG. 7A, the tiles are scanned in thehorizontal direction, and the rows are scanned from top to bottom (inthe order of the first row, second row, and third row). In contrast, inFIG. 7C, the scanning of the tiles in the horizontal direction is thesame as in FIG. 7A but the rows are scanned in the order of center, top,down (second column, first column, third column). Moreover, although notshown in the figure, the rows may be scanned in the order of center,bottom, top (third, second, first), or from the bottom to the top(third, second, first).

Furthermore, the scanning order of the rows is assigned a predeterminedID before hand, and the image coding apparatus and the image decodingapparatus share such information. For example, “1” is assigned as a rowscanning ID to the scanning order in FIG. 7A, and “2” is assigned as therow scanning ID to the scanning order in FIG. 7C. Then, the row scanningID is sent from the image coding apparatus to the image decodingapparatus. With this, the image decoding apparatus is able to identifythe row scanning order by using the row scanning ID.

The details for the column scanning order are the same as in the rowscanning order. In FIG. 7B, the tiles are scanned in the verticaldirection, and the columns are scanned from left to right (in the orderof the first column, second column, and third column). In contrast, inFIG. 7D, the scanning of the tiles in the vertical direction is the samebut the columns are scanned in the order of center, left, right (secondcolumn, first column, third column). Moreover, although not shown in thefigure, the columns may be scanned in the order of center, right, left(second, third, first), or from right to left (third, second, first).

Furthermore, the scanning order of the columns is also assigned apredetermined ID before hand, and the image coding apparatus and theimage decoding apparatus share such information.

The tile processing order information includes the tile scanningdirection (the horizontal direction or the vertical direction) and thecolumn or row scanning ID. By using the tile processing orderinformation, the image decoding apparatus is able to uniquely identifythe decoding order of the tiles in the picture. It should be noted thatalthough an example in which a picture is divided into 9 tiles is shownin FIG. 7A to FIG. 7D, other methods of tile division (number of columnsand number of rows) are acceptable.

In this manner, the image coding apparatus 100A in this embodiment iscapable of changing the processing order of tiles in a picture. Bycontrolling the processing order of tiles in this manner, it is possibleto transmit only the leading tile group depending on the state ofcommunications and the application. For example, for a telephoneconference, and the like, a tile group in a central column in which aperson appears can be coded first.

As described above, in the image coding apparatus 100A according to thisembodiment, the picture division control unit 112A determines the codingorder of plural tiles. The coding unit 115 codes the tiles in the codingorder determined by the picture division control unit 112A. Themultiplex unit 114 generates the bitstream 134 including the tileprocessing order information indicating the determined coding order.

With this, the tile decoding order in the image decoding apparatus canbe arbitrarily set. Therefore, for example, among the images of regionsincluded in a picture, the image of a region having a high priority canbe decoded ahead in the image decoding apparatus.

Hereinafter, the image decoding apparatus according to this embodimentshall be described.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an image decodingapparatus which uses the image decoding method according to thisembodiment. It should be noted that the same numerical reference isgiven to constituent elements that are the same as those in FIG. 5.

Here, the bitstream 234 corresponds to the bitstream 134 generated bythe above-described image coding apparatus 100A.

An image decoding apparatus 200A shown in FIG. 8 includes an outputimage control unit 250, in addition to the configuration of the imagedecoding apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 5. Furthermore, the functions of aparsing unit 201A and a picture division control unit 212A are differentfrom those of the parsing unit 201 and the picture division control unit212.

Specifically, the parsing unit 201A parses the bitstream 234 to obtainthe coded data 233 and picture division information 235A. The picturedivision information 235A corresponds to the above-described picturedivision information 135A, and includes tile processing orderinformation indicating the order in which tiles are to be decoded.

The picture division control unit 212A generates, based on the picturedivision pattern, the tile pair dependence relationships, and thedecoding order which are indicated by the picture division information235A, a division control signal 232A for controlling the intraprediction unit 209, the inter prediction unit 210, the variable-lengthdecoding unit 213, the frame memory 208, and the output image controlunit 250. It should be noted that the picture division information135A-based operation of the intra prediction unit 209, the interprediction unit 210, and the variable-length decoding unit 213 is thesame as in Embodiment 1.

The output image control unit 250 rearranges the decoded image data 226to a predetermined order on a block basis, and outputs a rearrangedimage signal 260 to the outside of the apparatus. When the picture isdivided into tiles, the output image control unit 250 determines theorder of the blocks according to the decoding order indicated by thedivision control signal 232A transmitted from the picture divisioncontrol unit 212A.

In accordance with the division control signal 232A, the frame memory208 recognizes the order in which the tiles are to be processed, andstores the decoded image data 228 in an appropriate memory area.

According to the above-described configuration, the image decodingapparatus 200A according to this embodiment is capable of decoding thebitstream generated by the above-described image coding apparatus 100A.

Embodiment 3

In this embodiment, a modification of the previously-described imagecoding apparatus 100 according to Embodiment 1 shall be described. It isto be noted that, hereinafter, description shall be carried outprimarily on the points of difference with Embodiment 1 and overlappingdescription shall be omitted.

As described in Embodiment 1, in the decoding of high definition imagescalled Super Hi-Vision and UHDTV which exceed the level of definition inHi-Vision, the computation load is high and real-time processing isdifficult. As such, when decoding high definition images, the imagedecoding apparatus needs to perform parallel processing on the bitstream. Since the tile pair dependence relationships are cut, the imagedecoding apparatus can decode a tile independently of other tiles.

However, in decoding, parallel processing cannot be implemented unlessthe image decoding apparatus can detect the lead position (entry point)of each tile in the bitstream. A method for solving this problem isalready known (see, Non Patent Literature 2). According to this method,the image coding apparatus inserts a tile marker at the lead position ofeach tile in the bitstream. The image decoding apparatus is able torecognize the lead position (entry point) of each tile in the bitstreamby scanning the bitstream and detecting the tile markers.

However, inserting a tile marker at the lead position (tile boundary) ofall the tiles in the bitstream would lead to the deterioration of codingefficiency. The bitstream output by the variable-length coding unit isnot byte-aligned at the tile boundaries. Therefore, in order to insert atile marker at the lead position of each tile, it is necessary to resetthe entropy coding (for example, CABAC) by the variable-length codingunit. In addition, resetting the entropy coding leads to thedeterioration of coding efficiency.

In contrast, the image coding apparatus according to this embodimentdetermines, for each tile boundary in the bitstream, whether or not toinsert a tile marker, and inserts a tile marker only in part of the tilemarkers. Accordingly, the image coding apparatus is able to reduce thenumber of times the entropy coding is reset, and thus coding efficiencycan be improved.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an image codingapparatus 100B which uses the image coding method according to thisembodiment. It should be noted that the same numerical reference isgiven to constituent elements that are the same as those in FIG. 1.

The image coding apparatus 1008 shown in FIG. 9 includes a markerinsertion unit 151, in addition to the configuration of the image codingapparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1. Furthermore, the functions of avariable-length coding unit 113B and a multiplex unit 114B are differentfrom those of the variable-length coding unit 113 and the multiplex unit114, respectively.

Based on the division control signal 132 transmitted from the picturedivision control unit 112, the marker insertion unit 151 inserts, ateach tile boundary between pieces of coded data 133, a tile marker 161for identifying the tile boundary. Specifically, the marker insertionunit 151 controls the variable-length coding unit 113B to reset theentropy coding (CABAC) at an independent boundary, by notifying thevariable-length coding unit 113B of such independent tile boundary.Furthermore, the marker insertion unit 151 transmits a tile marker 161to the multiplex unit 1146, at an independent tile boundary.

The variable-length coding unit 113B resets the entropy coding (CABAC)at the specified tile boundary, in accordance with the notification fromthe marker insertion unit 151.

The multiplex unit 114B generates the bitstream 134 by inserting thetile marker 161 transmitted by the marker insertion unit 151, at thespecified tile boundary of the pieces of coded data 133.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of the marker insertion process performed by themarker insertion unit 151 according to this embodiment.

First, the marker insertion unit 151 receives the division controlsignal 132 from the picture division control unit 112 (S121). Thisdivision control signal 132 represents information regarding the tiledivision. It should be noted that the marker insertion unit 151 mayreceive the picture division information 135 in place of the divisioncontrol signal 132. It should be noted that the information regardingthe division of all tiles in the picture need not be received all atonce, and the information regarding a tile may be received at the timingat which such tile is to be processed by the image coding apparatus100B.

Next, the tile insertion unit 151 obtains the dependence relationship atthe boundary between the tile currently being processed and the tile tobe processed from hereon which is included in the division controlsignal 132 (S122), and determines the dependence relationship betweenthe tile currently being processed and the tile to be processed fromhereon (S123).

When the tiles are dependent (Yes in S123), the marker insertion unit151 ends the process. On the other hand, when the tiles are notdependent, that is, the tiles are independent (No in S123), the markerinsertion unit 151 controls the variable-length coding unit 113B toreset the entropy coding (CABAC) (S124). With this, the variable-lengthcoding unit 113B resets the entropy coding (CABAC) at the end of thetile currently being processed, and performs byte alignment. Then, thevariable-length coding unit 113B sends the coded data 133 of the tilecurrently being processed to the multiplex unit 1146.

Next, the marker insertion unit 151 transmits a tile marker 161 to themultiplex unit 1146. The multiplex unit 114B inserts the tile marker 161immediately after the bitstream of the tile currently being processed,that is, at the beginning of the bitstream of the tile to be processedfrom hereon (S125).

As described above, the marker insertion unit 151 switches betweeninserting and not inserting tile markers 161 at the respective tileboundaries in the bitstream, depending on the dependence relationship atthe tile boundary.

It should be noted that, in step S121, when the received divisioncontrol signal 132 indicates that all the tile boundaries in the pictureare dependent, the marker insertion unit 151 may omit the process fromsteps S122 to S125 for such picture.

In this manner, the image coding apparatus 100B according to thisembodiment is capable of reducing the number of times that entropycoding (CABAC) is reset, by controlling the insertion of tile markers atthe respective tile boundaries of a bitstream. Accordingly, the imagecoding apparatus 100B is capable of improving coding efficiency.

As described above, in the image coding apparatus 100B according to thisembodiment, among data boundaries of pieces of coded data 133, themarker insertion unit 151 inserts, only at a data boundary for which theboundary between two tiles corresponding to two pieces of coded data onopposite sides of the data boundary is a second boundary (independent),a marker for identifying such data boundary.

Accordingly, the image coding apparatus 100B is capable of improvingcoding efficiency compared to when markers are inserted at all the tileboundaries.

Hereinafter, the image decoding apparatus according to this embodimentshall be described.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an imagedecoding apparatus which uses the image decoding method according tothis embodiment. It should be noted that the same numerical reference isgiven to constituent elements that are the same as those in FIG. 5.

Here, the bitstream 234 corresponds to the bitstream 134 generated bythe above-described image coding apparatus 100B.

In an image decoding apparatus 200A shown in FIG. 11, the function of aparsing unit 201B is different to that of the parsing unit 201.

Specifically, the parsing unit 201B parses the bitstream 234 to obtainthe coded data 233 and the picture division information 235.Furthermore, the parsing unit 201B detects the tile marker 161 insertedat a tile boundary, and recognizes the detected position as the tileboundary. Furthermore, the parsing unit 201B notifies the detected tileboundary to the variable-length decoding unit 213.

Furthermore, when the decoding unit 215 performs parallel processing,the parsing unit 201B extracts, from the bitstream 234, the coded data233 corresponding to each tile depending on the tile boundary, and sendsthe coded data 233 to the decoding unit 215.

According to the above-described configuration, the image decodingapparatus 200B according to this embodiment is capable of decoding thebitstream generated by the above-described image coding apparatus 1008.

Embodiment 4

In this embodiment, an image coding apparatus and an image decodingapparatus which perform byte alignment at a tile boundary shall bedescribed.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an image codingapparatus 100C according to this embodiment. The same numericalreference is given to constituent elements that are the same as those inFIG. 1.

The image coding apparatus 100C shown in FIG. 12 is different comparedto the configuration of the image coding apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1in that the functions of a picture division control unit 112C and avariable-length coding unit 113C are different from those of the picturedivision control unit 112 and the variable-length coding unit 113.

The picture division control unit 112C, which is an example of thedivision unit, divides a picture into tiles. Furthermore, although thepicture division control unit 112 switches the dependence relationshipon a tile boundary basis in Embodiment 1, the picture division controlunit 112C handles all the tiles as being independent. Furthermore, thepicture division control unit 112C generates picture divisioninformation 135C indicating the picture division pattern. Here, theinformation indicating the picture division pattern includes, forexample, the number of columns, the number of rows, the column widthuniform flag, and the row height uniform flag, the column width, and therow height, which have been previously described.

It should be noted that although an example in which the picturedivision control unit 112C handles all the tiles as being independentshall be described hereafter, the picture division control unit 112C mayalso switch the tile dependence relationship on a tile boundary basis inthe same manner as in Embodiment 1.

Then, the picture division control unit 112C transmits, to the multiplexunit 114, the generated picture division information 135C as part of asequence parameter set or a picture parameter set.

Furthermore, the picture division control unit 112C generates, based onthe picture division pattern, a division control signal 132C forcontrolling the intra prediction unit 109, the inter prediction unit110, and the variable-length coding unit 113C. It should be noted thatthe picture division information 135C-based operation of the intraprediction unit 109 and the inter prediction unit 110 is the same as theoperation when tiles are independent in Embodiment 1.

The variable-length coding 113C performs processing to reset the entropycoding at the tile boundaries and performs byte alignment.

Hereinafter, the flow of the operation of the image coding apparatus100C according to this embodiment shall be described.

FIG. 13A is a flowchart of the image coding method performed by theimage coding apparatus 100C according to this embodiment.

First, the picture division control unit 112C divides a picture intotiles (S201). Furthermore, the picture division control unit 112Cgenerates picture division information 135C indicating the picturedivision pattern.

Next, the coding unit 115 codes the respective tiles to generate piecesof coded data 133 each corresponding to a different one of the tiles(S202).

Next, the multiplex unit 114 generates the bitstream 134 including thepieces of coded data 133 and the picture division information 135C(S203).

FIG. 13B is a flowchart of the coding (S202) performed by the codingunit 115.

First, the coding unit 115 codes a current tile to be processed which isone of the tiles, to generate a code string (S211). It should be notedthat the specific method for the coding by the coding unit 115 is, forexample, the same as that in Embodiment 1. Furthermore, the coding unit115 codes the current tile without referring to the coding informationused in the coding of another tile.

Here, the coding includes the process of generating a code stringthrough entropy coding (arithmetic coding) performed by thevariable-length coding unit 113C.

Furthermore, the variable-length coding unit 113C resets the entropycoding (arithmetic coding) after the coding of the current tile isfinished (S212). Here, resetting includes termination (also calledflushing) in arithmetic coding. Termination is the process of making thecode string of the current tile independent from the code string ofanother tile. Stated differently, termination is the process ofconcluding the code string of the current tile. Specifically, by way oftermination, all the code strings being processed are output in anindependently-decodable state.

Next, the variable-length coding 113C performs byte alignment on thecurrent code string to be processed (S213). Here, byte alignment is aprocess of adding a predetermined bit string after the current codestring to generate a byte-unit of the coded data 133. Stateddifferently, byte alignment is a process of adjusting the number of bitsof the current code string to generate the coded data 133 in byte-units.

FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an example of byte alignment. As shown inFIG. 14, the variable-length coding unit 113C adds a bit string 282behind a current code string to be processed 281 to generate the codeddata 133 in byte-units. For example, the bit string 282 is a bit stringwhich begins with “1” and subsequently continues with “0”.

It should be noted that although an example in which the variable-lengthcoding unit 113C performs byte alignment to generate the coded data 133in byte units is described here, it is sufficient that the alignment bea process for adjusting the coded data 133 to a multiple of apredetermined N bits (N being an integer greater than or equal to 2).For example, the variable-length coding 113C may perform alignment togenerate the coded data 133 in word units.

Furthermore, although an example is described here in which alignment isperformed when arithmetic coding (for example, CABAC) is performed asthe entropy coding, the same alignment may be performed even whenentropy coding other than arithmetic coding is performed.

Furthermore, the picture division control unit 112C may generate thepicture division information 135C including information indicating thelead position of the coded data 133. In addition, the informationindicating the lead position may be information indicating the positionin byte-units (or in a unit that is the same as that used in thealignment).

With this, the image coding apparatus 100C according to this embodimentperforms byte alignment at the tile boundaries. Accordingly, the codeddata 133 of each tile becomes a byte-unit. Therefore, it becomes easy tohandle coded data in the image decoding apparatus. Furthermore, theimage decoding apparatus can easily identify the lead position of thecoded data of a tile. In this manner, the image coding apparatus 100C iscapable of reducing the processing load of the image decoding apparatus.

Furthermore, the image coding apparatus 100C resets the entropy codingat the tile boundaries. Accordingly, the image decoding apparatus canhandle the coded data 133 of each tile independently.

Hereinafter, the image decoding apparatus according to this embodimentshall be described.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an imagedecoding apparatus which uses the image decoding method according tothis embodiment. It should be noted that the same numerical reference isgiven to constituent elements that are the same as those in FIG. 5.

Here, the bitstream 234 corresponds to the bitstream 134 generated bythe above-described image coding apparatus 100C.

The image decoding apparatus 200C shown in FIG. 15 is different comparedto the image decoding apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 5 in that thefunctions of a parsing unit 201C, a picture division control unit 212C,and a variable-length decoding unit 213C are different from those of theparsing unit 201, the picture division control unit 212, and thevariable-length decoding unit 213.

Specifically, the parsing unit 201C parses the bitstream 234 to obtainthe coded data 233 and picture division information 235C. The picturedivision information 235C corresponds to the above-described picturedivision information 135C, and indicates the picture division pattern.

Based on the picture division pattern indicated by the picture divisioninformation 235C, the picture division control unit 212C generates adivision control signal 232C for controlling the intra prediction unit209, the inter prediction unit 210, and the variable-length decodingunit 213C. It should be noted that the picture division information135C-based operation of the intra prediction unit 209 and the interprediction unit 210 is the same as the operation when tiles areindependent in Embodiment 1.

The variable-length decoding unit 213C skips the predetermined bitstring located after the code string in the coded data 233.Specifically, the variable-length decoding unit 213C skips thepredetermined bit string inserted at the tile boundary in the alignment.

Hereinafter, the flow of the operation of the image decoding apparatus200C according to this embodiment shall be described.

FIG. 16A is a flowchart of the image decoding method performed by theimage decoding apparatus 200C according to this embodiment.

First, the parsing unit 201C obtains the picture division information235C and the pieces of coded data 233 generated by coding the respectivetiles, which are included in the bitstream 234 (S221).

Next, the decoding unit 215 decodes each of the pieces of coded data 233to generate the decoded image data 226 which is the image data of thetiles (S222).

FIG. 16B is a flowchart of the decoding (S222) performed by the decodingunit 215. Furthermore, FIG. 16B shows the decoding of a single piece ofcoded data 233 to be processed.

First, the decoding unit 215 decodes the code string included in thecurrent coded data 233 to be processed which corresponds to one of thetiles, to generate current decoded image data 226 to be processed(S231). It should be noted that the specific method for the decoding bythe decoding unit 215 is, for example, the same as that in Embodiment 1.Furthermore, the decoding unit 215 decodes the current tile to beprocessed, without referring to the decoding information used in thedecoding of another tile.

Here, the decoding includes the process of generating a code string(quantized coefficients 223) through entropy decoding (arithmeticdecoding) by the variable-length decoding unit 213C.

Furthermore, the variable-length decoding unit 213C resets the entropydecoding (arithmetic decoding) after the decoding of the current tile isfinished (S232). Here, resetting includes the termination (also calledflushing) in arithmetic decoding. Termination is processing forconcluding the arithmetic coding on the current code string to beprocessed.

Next, the variable-length decoding unit 213C skips the predetermined bitstring located after the code string in the current coded data 233(S233). This bit string corresponds to the bitstream 282 that wasinserted in the byte alignment by the image coding apparatus 100C

The above-described processing is performed for each of the pieces ofcoded data 233 which correspond to the respective tiles. Specifically,the variable-length decoding unit 213C decodes a first code stringincluded in first coded data which is one of the pieces of coded data233 to generate image data of a first tile, and skips a predeterminedbit string located after the first code string in the first coded dataand codes a second code string included in second coded data locatedafter the first coded data to generate image data of a second tile.

With this processing, the variable-length decoding unit 213C candisregarding the bit string inserted at the tile boundary in the bytealignment by the image coding apparatus 100C, and decode only necessarydata. Stated differently, the variable-length decoding unit 213C iscapable of skipping such bit string and perform decoding from thebeginning of the next piece of coded data 233.

According to the above-described configuration, the image decodingapparatus 200C according to this embodiment is capable of decoding thebitstream generated by the above-described image coding apparatus 100C.

It should be noted that although the above description describes anexample in which the image decoding apparatus 200C decodes the pieces ofcoded data 233 which correspond to the respective tiles chronologically,the image decoding apparatus 200C may decode the pieces of coded data233 in parallel. In this case, the image decoding apparatus 200Cidentifies the lead position of each piece of data 233 by referring toinformation indicating the lead position of the pieces of coded data 233which is included in the picture division information 235C. Furthermore,the information indicating the lead position may be informationindicating the position in byte units.

Although image coding apparatuses and image decoding apparatusesaccording to the embodiments in the present disclosure have beendescribed thus far, the present disclosure is not limited to suchembodiments.

Furthermore, the respective processing units included in the imagecoding apparatuses and image decoding apparatuses according to theabove-described embodiments are typically implemented as an LSI which isan integrated circuit. These processing units may be individuallyconfigured as single chips or may be configured so that a part or all ofthe processing units are included in a single chip.

Furthermore, the method of circuit integration is not limited to LSIs,and implementation through a dedicated circuit or a general-purposeprocessor is also possible. A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) whichallows programming after LSI manufacturing or a reconfigurable processorwhich allows reconfiguration of the connections and settings of thecircuit cells inside the LSI may also be used.

In the respective embodiments, the respective constituent elements areconfigured using dedicated hardware, but may also be implemented byexecuting software programs suited to the respective constituentelements. The respective constituent elements may be implemented throughthe reading and execution of a software program recorded on a recordingmedium such as a hard disk or semiconductor memory by a programexecution unit such as a CPU or a processor.

In addition, the present disclosure may be the aforementioned softwareprogram, or a non-transitory computer-readable recorder on which theaforementioned program is stored. Furthermore, it should be obvious thatthe aforementioned program can be distributed via a transmission mediumsuch as the Internet.

Moreover, all numerical figures used in the forgoing description aremerely examples for describing the present disclosure in specific terms,and thus the present disclosure is not limited to the illustratednumerical figures.

Furthermore, the separation of the function blocks in the block diagramsis merely an example, and plural function blocks may be implemented as asingle function block, a single function block may be separated intoplural function blocks, or part of functions of a function block may betransferred to another function block. Furthermore, the functions offunction blocks having similar functions may be processed, in parallelor by time-sharing, by a single hardware or software.

Furthermore, the sequence in which the above-described steps included inthe above-described image coding methods and image decoding methods areexecuted is given as an example to describe the present description inspecific terms, and thus other sequences are possible. Furthermore, partof the above-described steps may be executed simultaneously (inparallel) with another step.

Embodiment 5

The processing described in each of embodiments can be simplyimplemented in an independent computer system, by recording, in arecording medium, a program for implementing the configurations of themoving picture coding method (image coding method) and the movingpicture decoding method (image decoding method) described in each ofembodiments. The recording media may be any recording media as long asthe program can be recorded, such as a magnetic disk, an optical disk, amagnetic optical disk, an IC card, and a semiconductor memory.

Hereinafter, the applications to the moving picture coding method (imagecoding method) and the moving picture decoding method (image decodingmethod) described in each of embodiments and systems using thereof willbe described. The system has a feature of having an image coding anddecoding apparatus that includes an image coding apparatus using theimage coding method and an image decoding apparatus using the imagedecoding method. Other configurations in the system can be changed asappropriate depending on the cases.

FIG. 18 illustrates an overall configuration of a content providingsystem ex100 for implementing content distribution services. The areafor providing communication services is divided into cells of desiredsize, and base stations ex106, ex107, ex108, ex109, and ex110 which arefixed wireless stations are placed in each of the cells.

The content providing system ex100 is connected to devices, such as acomputer ex111, a personal digital assistant (PDA) ex112, a cameraex113, a cellular phone ex114 and a game machine ex115, via the Internetex101, an Internet service provider ex102, a telephone network ex104, aswell as the base stations ex106 to ex110, respectively.

However, the configuration of the content providing system ex100 is notlimited to the configuration shown in FIG. 18, and a combination inwhich any of the elements are connected is acceptable. In addition, eachdevice may be directly connected to the telephone network ex104, ratherthan via the base stations ex106 to ex110 which are the fixed wirelessstations. Furthermore, the devices may be interconnected to each othervia a short distance wireless communication and others.

The camera ex113, such as a digital video camera, is capable ofcapturing video. A camera ex116, such as a digital camera, is capable ofcapturing both still images and video. Furthermore, the cellular phoneex114 may be the one that meets any of the standards such as GlobalSystem for Mobile Communications (GSM) (registered trademark), CodeDivision Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access(W-CDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and High Speed Packet Access(HSPA). Alternatively, the cellular phone ex114 may be a PersonalHandyphone System (PHS).

In the content providing system ex100, a streaming server ex103 isconnected to the camera ex113 and others via the telephone network ex104and the base station ex109, which enables distribution of images of alive show and others. In such a distribution, a content (for example,video of a music live show) captured by the user using the camera ex113is coded as described above in each of embodiments (i.e., the camerafunctions as the image coding apparatus according to an aspect of thepresent invention), and the coded content is transmitted to thestreaming server ex103. On the other hand, the streaming server ex103carries out stream distribution of the transmitted content data to theclients upon their requests. The clients include the computer ex111, thePDA ex112, the camera ex113, the cellular phone ex114, and the gamemachine ex115 that are capable of decoding the above-mentioned codeddata. Each of the devices that have received the distributed datadecodes and reproduces the coded data (i.e., functions as the imagedecoding apparatus according to an aspect of the present invention).

The captured data may be coded by the camera ex113 or the streamingserver ex103 that transmits the data, or the coding processes may beshared between the camera ex113 and the streaming server ex103.Similarly, the distributed data may be decoded by the clients or thestreaming server ex103, or the decoding processes may be shared betweenthe clients and the streaming server ex103. Furthermore, the data of thestill images and video captured by not only the camera ex113 but alsothe camera ex116 may be transmitted to the streaming server ex103through the computer ex111. The coding processes may be performed by thecamera ex116, the computer ex111, or the streaming server ex103, orshared among them.

Furthermore, the coding and decoding processes may be performed by anLSI ex500 generally included in each of the computer ex111 and thedevices. The LSI ex500 may be configured of a single chip or a pluralityof chips. Software for coding and decoding video may be integrated intosome type of a recording medium (such as a CD-ROM, a flexible disk, anda hard disk) that is readable by the computer ex111 and others, and thecoding and decoding processes may be performed using the software.Furthermore, when the cellular phone ex114 is equipped with a camera,the video data obtained by the camera may be transmitted. The video datais data coded by the LSI ex500 included in the cellular phone ex114.

Furthermore, the streaming server ex103 may be composed of servers andcomputers, and may decentralize data and process the decentralized data,record, or distribute data.

As described above, the clients may receive and reproduce the coded datain the content providing system ex100. In other words, the clients canreceive and decode information transmitted by the user, and reproducethe decoded data in real time in the content providing system ex100, sothat the user who does not have any particular right and equipment canimplement personal broadcasting.

Aside from the example of the content providing system ex100, at leastone of the moving picture coding apparatus (image coding apparatus) andthe moving picture decoding apparatus (image decoding apparatus)described in each of embodiments may be implemented in a digitalbroadcasting system ex200 illustrated in FIG. 19. More specifically, abroadcast station ex201 communicates or transmits, via radio waves to abroadcast satellite ex202, multiplexed data obtained by multiplexingaudio data and others onto video data. The video data is data coded bythe moving picture coding method described in each of embodiments (i.e.,data coded by the image coding apparatus according to an aspect of thepresent invention). Upon receipt of the multiplexed data, the broadcastsatellite ex202 transmits radio waves for broadcasting. Then, a home-useantenna ex204 with a satellite broadcast reception function receives theradio waves. Next, a device such as a television (receiver) ex300 and aset top box (STB) ex217 decodes the received multiplexed data, andreproduces the decoded data (i.e., functions as the image decodingapparatus according to an aspect of the present invention).

Furthermore, a reader/recorder ex218 (i) reads and decodes themultiplexed data recorded on a recording medium ex215, such as a DVD anda BD, or (i) codes video signals in the recording medium ex215, and insome cases, writes data obtained by multiplexing an audio signal on thecoded data. The reader/recorder ex218 can include the moving picturedecoding apparatus or the moving picture coding apparatus as shown ineach of embodiments. In this case, the reproduced video signals aredisplayed on the monitor ex219, and can be reproduced by another deviceor system using the recording medium ex215 on which the multiplexed datais recorded. It is also possible to implement the moving picturedecoding apparatus in the set top box ex217 connected to the cable ex203for a cable television or to the antenna ex204 for satellite and/orterrestrial broadcasting, so as to display the video signals on themonitor ex219 of the television ex300. The moving picture decodingapparatus may be implemented not in the set top box but in thetelevision ex300.

FIG. 20 illustrates the television (receiver) ex300 that uses the movingpicture coding method and the moving picture decoding method describedin each of embodiments. The television ex300 includes: a tuner ex301that obtains or provides multiplexed data obtained by multiplexing audiodata onto video data, through the antenna ex204 or the cable ex203, etc.that receives a broadcast; a modulation/demodulation unit ex302 thatdemodulates the received multiplexed data or modulates data intomultiplexed data to be supplied outside; and amultiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303 that demultiplexer the modulatedmultiplexed data into video data and audio data, or multiplexes videodata and audio data coded by a signal processing unit ex306 into data.

The television ex300 further includes: a signal processing unit ex306including an audio signal processing unit ex304 and a video signalprocessing unit ex305 that decode audio data and video data and codeaudio data and video data, respectively (which function as the imagecoding apparatus and the image decoding apparatus according to theaspects of the present invention); and an output unit ex309 including aspeaker ex307 that provides the decoded audio signal, and a display unitex308 that displays the decoded video signal, such as a display.Furthermore, the television ex300 includes an interface unit ex317including an operation input unit ex312 that receives an input of a useroperation. Furthermore, the television ex300 includes a control unitex310 that controls overall each constituent element of the televisionex300, and a power supply circuit unit ex311 that supplies power to eachof the elements. Other than the operation input unit ex312, theinterface unit ex317 may include: a bridge ex313 that is connected to anexternal device, such as the reader/recorder ex218; a slot unit ex314for enabling attachment of the recording medium ex216, such as an SDcard; a driver ex315 to be connected to an external recording medium,such as a hard disk; and a modem ex316 to be connected to a telephonenetwork. Here, the recording medium ex216 can electrically recordinformation using a non-volatile/volatile semiconductor memory elementfor storage. The constituent elements of the television ex300 areconnected to each other through a synchronous bus.

First, the configuration in which the television ex300 decodesmultiplexed data obtained from outside through the antenna ex204 andothers and reproduces the decoded data will be described. In thetelevision ex300, upon a user operation through a remote controllerex220 and others, the multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303demultiplexes the multiplexed data demodulated by themodulation/demodulation unit ex302, under control of the control unitex310 including a CPU. Furthermore, the audio signal processing unitex304 decodes the demultiplexed audio data, and the video signalprocessing unit ex305 decodes the demultiplexed video data, using thedecoding method described in each of embodiments, in the televisionex300. The output unit ex309 provides the decoded video signal and audiosignal outside, respectively. When the output unit ex309 provides thevideo signal and the audio signal, the signals may be temporarily storedin buffers ex318 and ex319, and others so that the signals arereproduced in synchronization with each other. Furthermore, thetelevision ex300 may read multiplexed data not through a broadcast andothers but from the recording media ex215 and ex216, such as a magneticdisk, an optical disk, and a SD card. Next, a configuration in which thetelevision ex300 codes an audio signal and a video signal, and transmitsthe data outside or writes the data on a recording medium will bedescribed. In the television ex300, upon a user operation through theremote controller ex220 and others, the audio signal processing unitex304 codes an audio signal, and the video signal processing unit ex305codes a video signal, under control of the control unit ex310 using thecoding method described in each of embodiments. Themultiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303 multiplexes the coded videosignal and audio signal, and provides the resulting signal outside. Whenthe multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303 multiplexes the video signaland the audio signal, the signals may be temporarily stored in thebuffers ex320 and ex321, and others so that the signals are reproducedin synchronization with each other. Here, the buffers ex318, ex319,ex320, and ex321 may be plural as illustrated, or at least one buffermay be shared in the television ex300. Furthermore, data may be storedin a buffer so that the system overflow and underflow may be avoidedbetween the modulation/demodulation unit ex302 and themultiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex303, for example.

Furthermore, the television ex300 may include a configuration forreceiving an AV input from a microphone or a camera other than theconfiguration for obtaining audio and video data from a broadcast or arecording medium, and may code the obtained data. Although thetelevision ex300 can code, multiplex, and provide outside data in thedescription, it may be capable of only receiving, decoding, andproviding outside data but not the coding, multiplexing, and providingoutside data.

Furthermore, when the reader/recorder ex218 reads or writes multiplexeddata from or on a recording medium, one of the television ex300 and thereader/recorder ex218 may decode or code the multiplexed data, and thetelevision ex300 and the reader/recorder ex218 may share the decoding orcoding.

As an example, FIG. 21 illustrates a configuration of an informationreproducing/recording unit ex400 when data is read or written from or onan optical disk. The information reproducing/recording unit ex400includes constituent elements ex401, ex402, ex403, ex404, ex405, ex406,and ex407 to be described hereinafter. The optical head ex401 irradiatesa laser spot in a recording surface of the recording medium ex215 thatis an optical disk to write information, and detects reflected lightfrom the recording surface of the recording medium ex215 to read theinformation. The modulation recording unit ex402 electrically drives asemiconductor laser included in the optical head ex401, and modulatesthe laser light according to recorded data. The reproductiondemodulating unit ex403 amplifies a reproduction signal obtained byelectrically detecting the reflected light from the recording surfaceusing a photo detector included in the optical head ex401, anddemodulates the reproduction signal by separating a signal componentrecorded on the recording medium ex215 to reproduce the necessaryinformation. The buffer ex404 temporarily holds the information to berecorded on the recording medium ex215 and the information reproducedfrom the recording medium ex215. The disk motor ex405 rotates therecording medium ex215. The servo control unit ex406 moves the opticalhead ex401 to a predetermined information track while controlling therotation drive of the disk motor ex405 so as to follow the laser spot.The system control unit ex407 controls overall the informationreproducing/recording unit ex400. The reading and writing processes canbe implemented by the system control unit ex407 using variousinformation stored in the buffer ex404 and generating and adding newinformation as necessary, and by the modulation recording unit ex402,the reproduction demodulating unit ex403, and the servo control unitex406 that record and reproduce information through the optical headex401 while being operated in a coordinated manner. The system controlunit ex407 includes, for example, a microprocessor, and executesprocessing by causing a computer to execute a program for read andwrite.

Although the optical head ex401 irradiates a laser spot in thedescription, it may perform high-density recording using near fieldlight.

FIG. 22 illustrates the recording medium ex215 that is the optical disk.On the recording surface of the recording medium ex215, guide groovesare spirally formed, and an information track ex230 records, in advance,address information indicating an absolute position on the diskaccording to change in a shape of the guide grooves. The addressinformation includes information for determining positions of recordingblocks ex231 that are a unit for recording data. Reproducing theinformation track ex230 and reading the address information in anapparatus that records and reproduces data can lead to determination ofthe positions of the recording blocks. Furthermore, the recording mediumex215 includes a data recording area ex233, an inner circumference areaex232, and an outer circumference area ex234. The data recording areaex233 is an area for use in recording the user data. The innercircumference area ex232 and the outer circumference area ex234 that areinside and outside of the data recording area ex233, respectively arefor specific use except for recording the user data. The informationreproducing/recording unit 400 reads and writes coded audio, coded videodata, or multiplexed data obtained by multiplexing the coded audio andvideo data, from and on the data recording area ex233 of the recordingmedium ex215.

Although an optical disk having a layer, such as a DVD and a BD isdescribed as an example in the description, the optical disk is notlimited to such, and may be an optical disk having a multilayerstructure and capable of being recorded on a part other than thesurface. Furthermore, the optical disk may have a structure formultidimensional recording/reproduction, such as recording ofinformation using light of colors with different wavelengths in the sameportion of the optical disk and for recording information havingdifferent layers from various angles.

Furthermore, a car ex210 having an antenna ex205 can receive data fromthe satellite ex202 and others, and reproduce video on a display devicesuch as a car navigation system ex211 set in the car ex210, in thedigital broadcasting system ex200. Here, a configuration of the carnavigation system ex211 will be a configuration, for example, includinga GPS receiving unit from the configuration illustrated in FIG. 20. Thesame will be true for the configuration of the computer ex111, thecellular phone ex114, and others.

FIG. 23A illustrates the cellular phone ex114 that uses the movingpicture coding method and the moving picture decoding method describedin embodiments. The cellular phone ex114 includes: an antenna ex350 fortransmitting and receiving radio waves through the base station ex110; acamera unit ex365 capable of capturing moving and still images; and adisplay unit ex358 such as a liquid crystal display for displaying thedata such as decoded video captured by the camera unit ex365 or receivedby the antenna ex350. The cellular phone ex114 further includes: a mainbody unit including an operation key unit ex366; an audio output unitex357 such as a speaker for output of audio; an audio input unit ex356such as a microphone for input of audio; a memory unit ex367 for storingcaptured video or still pictures, recorded audio, coded or decoded dataof the received video, the still pictures, e-mails, or others; and aslot unit ex364 that is an interface unit for a recording medium thatstores data in the same manner as the memory unit ex367.

Next, an example of a configuration of the cellular phone ex114 will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 23B. In the cellular phone ex114, amain control unit ex360 designed to control overall each unit of themain body including the display unit ex358 as well as the operation keyunit ex366 is connected mutually, via a synchronous bus ex370, to apower supply circuit unit ex361, an operation input control unit ex362,a video signal processing unit ex355, a camera interface unit ex363, aliquid crystal display (LCD) control unit ex359, amodulation/demodulation unit ex352, a multiplexing/demultiplexing unitex353, an audio signal processing unit ex354, the slot unit ex364, andthe memory unit ex367.

When a call-end key or a power key is turned ON by a user's operation,the power supply circuit unit ex361 supplies the respective units withpower from a battery pack so as to activate the cell phone ex114.

In the cellular phone ex114, the audio signal processing unit ex354converts the audio signals collected by the audio input unit ex356 invoice conversation mode into digital audio signals under the control ofthe main control unit ex360 including a CPU, ROM, and RAM. Then, themodulation/demodulation unit ex352 performs spread spectrum processingon the digital audio signals, and the transmitting and receiving unitex351 performs digital-to-analog conversion and frequency conversion onthe data, so as to transmit the resulting data via the antenna ex350.Also, in the cellular phone ex114, the transmitting and receiving unitex351 amplifies the data received by the antenna ex350 in voiceconversation mode and performs frequency conversion and theanalog-to-digital conversion on the data. Then, themodulation/demodulation unit ex352 performs inverse spread spectrumprocessing on the data, and the audio signal processing unit ex354converts it into analog audio signals, so as to output them via theaudio output unit ex357.

Furthermore, when an e-mail in data communication mode is transmitted,text data of the e-mail inputted by operating the operation key unitex366 and others of the main body is sent out to the main control unitex360 via the operation input control unit ex362. The main control unitex360 causes the modulation/demodulation unit ex352 to perform spreadspectrum processing on the text data, and the transmitting and receivingunit ex351 performs the digital-to-analog conversion and the frequencyconversion on the resulting data to transmit the data to the basestation ex110 via the antenna ex350. When an e-mail is received,processing that is approximately inverse to the processing fortransmitting an e-mail is performed on the received data, and theresulting data is provided to the display unit ex358.

When video, still images, or video and audio in data communication modeis or are transmitted, the video signal processing unit ex355 compressesand codes video signals supplied from the camera unit ex365 using themoving picture coding method shown in each of embodiments (i.e.,functions as the image coding apparatus according to the aspect of thepresent invention), and transmits the coded video data to themultiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353. In contrast, during when thecamera unit ex365 captures video, still images, and others, the audiosignal processing unit ex354 codes audio signals collected by the audioinput unit ex356, and transmits the coded audio data to themultiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353.

The multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353 multiplexes the coded videodata supplied from the video signal processing unit ex355 and the codedaudio data supplied from the audio signal processing unit ex354, using apredetermined method. Then, the modulation/demodulation unit(modulation/demodulation circuit unit) ex352 performs spread spectrumprocessing on the multiplexed data, and the transmitting and receivingunit ex351 performs digital-to-analog conversion and frequencyconversion on the data so as to transmit the resulting data via theantenna ex350.

When receiving data of a video file which is linked to a Web page andothers in data communication mode or when receiving an e-mail with videoand/or audio attached, in order to decode the multiplexed data receivedvia the antenna ex350, the multiplexing/demultiplexing unit ex353demultiplexes the multiplexed data into a video data bit stream and anaudio data bit stream, and supplies the video signal processing unitex355 with the coded video data and the audio signal processing unitex354 with the coded audio data, through the synchronous bus ex370. Thevideo signal processing unit ex355 decodes the video signal using amoving picture decoding method corresponding to the moving picturecoding method shown in each of embodiments (i.e., functions as the imagedecoding apparatus according to the aspect of the present invention),and then the display unit ex358 displays, for instance, the video andstill images included in the video file linked to the Web page via theLCD control unit ex359. Furthermore, the audio signal processing unitex354 decodes the audio signal, and the audio output unit ex357 providesthe audio.

Furthermore, similarly to the television ex300, it is possible for aterminal such as the cellular phone ex114 to have 3 types ofimplementation configurations including not only (i) a transmitting andreceiving terminal including both a coding apparatus and a decodingapparatus, but also (ii) a transmitting terminal including only a codingapparatus and (iii) a receiving terminal including only a decodingapparatus. Although the digital broadcasting system ex200 receives andtransmits the multiplexed data obtained by multiplexing audio data ontovideo data in the description, the multiplexed data may be data obtainedby multiplexing not audio data but character data related to video ontovideo data, and may be not multiplexed data but video data itself.

As such, the moving picture coding method and the moving picturedecoding method in each of embodiments can be used in any of the devicesand systems described. Thus, the advantages described in each ofembodiments can be obtained.

Furthermore, the present invention is not limited to embodiments, andvarious modifications and revisions are possible without departing fromthe scope of the present invention.

Embodiment 6

Video data can be generated by switching, as necessary, between (i) themoving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatusshown in each of embodiments and (ii) a moving picture coding method ora moving picture coding apparatus in conformity with a differentstandard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-

1.

Here, when a plurality of video data that conforms to the differentstandards is generated and is then decoded, the decoding methods need tobe selected to conform to the different standards. However, since thestandard to which each of the plurality of the video data to be decodedconforms cannot be detected, there is a problem that an appropriatedecoding method cannot be selected.

In order to solve the problem, multiplexed data obtained by multiplexingaudio data and others onto video data has a structure includingidentification information indicating to which standard the video dataconforms. The specific structure of the multiplexed data including thevideo data generated in the moving picture coding method and by themoving picture coding apparatus shown in each of embodiments will behereinafter described. The multiplexed data is a digital stream in theMPEG-2 Transport Stream format.

FIG. 24 illustrates a structure of the multiplexed data. As illustratedin FIG. 24, the multiplexed data can be obtained by multiplexing atleast one of a video stream, an audio stream, a presentation graphicsstream (PG), and an interactive graphics stream. The video streamrepresents primary video and secondary video of a movie, the audiostream (IG) represents a primary audio part and a secondary audio partto be mixed with the primary audio part, and the presentation graphicsstream represents subtitles of the movie. Here, the primary video isnormal video to be displayed on a screen, and the secondary video isvideo to be displayed on a smaller window in the primary video.Furthermore, the interactive graphics stream represents an interactivescreen to be generated by arranging the GUI components on a screen. Thevideo stream is coded in the moving picture coding method or by themoving picture coding apparatus shown in each of embodiments, or in amoving picture coding method or by a moving picture coding apparatus inconformity with a conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, andVC-1. The audio stream is coded in accordance with a standard, such asDolby-AC-3, Dolby Digital Plus, MLP, DTS, DTS-HD, and linear PCM.

Each stream included in the multiplexed data is identified by PID. Forexample, 0x1011 is allocated to the video stream to be used for video ofa movie, 0x1100 to 0x111F are allocated to the audio streams, 0x1200 to0x121F are allocated to the presentation graphics streams, 0x1400 to0x141F are allocated to the interactive graphics streams, 0x1B00 to0x1B1F are allocated to the video streams to be used for secondary videoof the movie, and 0x1A00 to 0x1A1F are allocated to the audio streams tobe used for the secondary audio to be mixed with the primary audio.

FIG. 25 schematically illustrates how data is multiplexed. First, avideo stream ex235 composed of video frames and an audio stream ex238composed of audio frames are transformed into a stream of PES packetsex236 and a stream of PES packets ex239, and further into TS packetsex237 and TS packets ex240, respectively. Similarly, data of apresentation graphics stream ex241 and data of an interactive graphicsstream ex244 are transformed into a stream of PES packets ex242 and astream of PES packets ex245, and further into TS packets ex243 and TSpackets ex246, respectively. These TS packets are multiplexed into astream to obtain multiplexed data ex247.

FIG. 26 illustrates how a video stream is stored in a stream of PESpackets in more detail. The first bar in FIG. 26 shows a video framestream in a video stream. The second bar shows the stream of PESpackets. As indicated by arrows denoted as yy1, yy2, yy3, and yy4 inFIG. 26, the video stream is divided into pictures as I pictures, Bpictures, and P pictures each of which is a video presentation unit, andthe pictures are stored in a payload of each of the PES packets. Each ofthe PES packets has a PES header, and the PES header stores aPresentation Time-Stamp (PTS) indicating a display time of the picture,and a Decoding Time-Stamp (DTS) indicating a decoding time of thepicture.

FIG. 27 illustrates a format of TS packets to be finally written on themultiplexed data. Each of the TS packets is a 188-byte fixed lengthpacket including a 4-byte TS header having information, such as a PIDfor identifying a stream and a 184-byte TS payload for storing data. ThePES packets are divided, and stored in the TS payloads, respectively.When a BD ROM is used, each of the TS packets is given a 4-byteTP_Extra_Header, thus resulting in 192-byte source packets. The sourcepackets are written on the multiplexed data. The TP_Extra_Header storesinformation such as an Arrival_Time_Stamp (ATS). The ATS shows atransfer start time at which each of the TS packets is to be transferredto a PID filter. The source packets are arranged in the multiplexed dataas shown at the bottom of FIG. 27. The numbers incrementing from thehead of the multiplexed data are called source packet numbers (SPNs).

Each of the TS packets included in the multiplexed data includes notonly streams of audio, video, subtitles and others, but also a ProgramAssociation Table (PAT), a Program Map Table (PMT), and a Program ClockReference (PCR). The PAT shows what a PID in a PMT used in themultiplexed data indicates, and a ND of the PAT itself is registered aszero. The PMT stores PIDs of the streams of video, audio, subtitles andothers included in the multiplexed data, and attribute information ofthe streams corresponding to the PIDs. The PMT also has variousdescriptors relating to the multiplexed data. The descriptors haveinformation such as copy control information showing whether copying ofthe multiplexed data is permitted or not. The PCR stores STC timeinformation corresponding to an ATS showing when the PCR packet istransferred to a decoder, in order to achieve synchronization between anArrival Time Clock (ATC) that is a time axis of ATSs, and an System TimeClock (STC) that is a time axis of PTSs and DTSs.

FIG. 28 illustrates the data structure of the PMT in detail. A PMTheader is disposed at the top of the PMT. The PMT header describes thelength of data included in the PMT and others. A plurality ofdescriptors relating to the multiplexed data is disposed after the PMTheader. Information such as the copy control information is described inthe descriptors. After the descriptors, a plurality of pieces of streaminformation relating to the streams included in the multiplexed data isdisposed. Each piece of stream information includes stream descriptorseach describing information, such as a stream type for identifying acompression codec of a stream, a stream PID, and stream attributeinformation (such as a frame rate or an aspect ratio). The streamdescriptors are equal in number to the number of streams in themultiplexed data.

When the multiplexed data is recorded on a recording medium and others,it is recorded together with multiplexed data information files.

Each of the multiplexed data information files is management informationof the multiplexed data as shown in FIG. 29. The multiplexed datainformation files are in one to one correspondence with the multiplexeddata, and each of the files includes multiplexed data information,stream attribute information, and an entry map.

As illustrated in FIG. 29, the multiplexed data information includes asystem rate, a reproduction start time, and a reproduction end time. Thesystem rate indicates the maximum transfer rate at which a system targetdecoder to be described later transfers the multiplexed data to a PIDfilter. The intervals of the ATSs included in the multiplexed data areset to not higher than a system rate. The reproduction start timeindicates a PTS in a video frame at the head of the multiplexed data. Aninterval of one frame is added to a PTS in a video frame at the end ofthe multiplexed data, and the PTS is set to the reproduction end time.

As shown in FIG. 30, a piece of attribute information is registered inthe stream attribute information, for each PID of each stream includedin the multiplexed data. Each piece of attribute information hasdifferent information depending on whether the corresponding stream is avideo stream, an audio stream, a presentation graphics stream, or aninteractive graphics stream. Each piece of video stream attributeinformation carries information including what kind of compression codecis used for compressing the video stream, and the resolution, aspectratio and frame rate of the pieces of picture data that is included inthe video stream. Each piece of audio stream attribute informationcarries information including what kind of compression codec is used forcompressing the audio stream, how many channels are included in theaudio stream, which language the audio stream supports, and how high thesampling frequency is. The video stream attribute information and theaudio stream attribute information are used for initialization of adecoder before the player plays back the information.

In the present embodiment, the multiplexed data to be used is of astream type included in the PMT. Furthermore, when the multiplexed datais recorded on a recording medium, the video stream attributeinformation included in the multiplexed data information is used. Morespecifically, the moving picture coding method or the moving picturecoding apparatus described in each of embodiments includes a step or aunit for allocating unique information indicating video data generatedby the moving picture coding method or the moving picture codingapparatus in each of embodiments, to the stream type included in the PMTor the video stream attribute information. With the configuration, thevideo data generated by the moving picture coding method or the movingpicture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments can bedistinguished from video data that conforms to another standard.Furthermore, FIG. 31 illustrates steps of the moving picture decodingmethod according to the present embodiment. In Step exS100, the streamtype included in the PMT or the video stream attribute informationincluded in the multiplexed data information is obtained from themultiplexed data. Next, in Step exS101, it is determined whether or notthe stream type or the video stream attribute information indicates thatthe multiplexed data is generated by the moving picture coding method orthe moving picture coding apparatus in each of embodiments. When it isdetermined that the stream type or the video stream attributeinformation indicates that the multiplexed data is generated by themoving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatus ineach of embodiments, in Step exS102, decoding is performed by the movingpicture decoding method in each of embodiments. Furthermore, when thestream type or the video stream attribute information indicatesconformance to the conventional standards, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC,and VC-1, in Step exS103, decoding is performed by a moving picturedecoding method in conformity with the conventional standards.

As such, allocating a new unique value to the stream type or the videostream attribute information enables determination whether or not themoving picture decoding method or the moving picture decoding apparatusthat is described in each of embodiments can perform decoding. Even whenmultiplexed data that conforms to a different standard is input, anappropriate decoding method or apparatus can be selected. Thus, itbecomes possible to decode information without any error. Furthermore,the moving picture coding method or apparatus, or the moving picturedecoding method or apparatus in the present embodiment can be used inthe devices and systems described above.

Embodiment 7

Each of the moving picture coding method, the moving picture codingapparatus, the moving picture decoding method, and the moving picturedecoding apparatus in each of embodiments is typically achieved in theform of an integrated circuit or a Large Scale

Integrated (LSI) circuit. As an example of the LSI, FIG. 32 illustratesa configuration of the LSI ex500 that is made into one chip. The LSIex500 includes elements ex501, ex502, ex503, ex504, ex505, ex506, ex507,ex508, and ex509 to be described below, and the elements are connectedto each other through a bus ex510. The power supply circuit unit ex505is activated by supplying each of the elements with power when the powersupply circuit unit ex505 is turned on.

For example, when coding is performed, the LSI ex500 receives an AVsignal from a microphone ex117, a camera ex113, and others through an AV10 ex509 under control of a control unit ex501 including a CPU ex502, amemory controller ex503, a stream controller ex504, and a drivingfrequency control unit ex512. The received AV signal is temporarilystored in an external memory ex511, such as an SDRAM. Under control ofthe control unit ex501, the stored data is segmented into data portionsaccording to the processing amount and speed to be transmitted to asignal processing unit ex507. Then, the signal processing unit ex507codes an audio signal and/or a video signal. Here, the coding of thevideo signal is the coding described in each of embodiments.Furthermore, the signal processing unit ex507 sometimes multiplexes thecoded audio data and the coded video data, and a stream IO ex506provides the multiplexed data outside. The provided multiplexed data istransmitted to the base station ex107, or written on the recordingmedium ex215. When data sets are multiplexed, the data should betemporarily stored in the buffer ex508 so that the data sets aresynchronized with each other.

Although the memory ex511 is an element outside the LSI ex500, it may beincluded in the LSI ex500. The buffer ex508 is not limited to onebuffer, but may be composed of buffers. Furthermore, the LSI ex500 maybe made into one chip or a plurality of chips.

Furthermore, although the control unit ex501 includes the CPU ex502, thememory controller ex503, the stream controller ex504, the drivingfrequency control unit ex512, the configuration of the control unitex501 is not limited to such. For example, the signal processing unitex507 may further include a CPU. Inclusion of another CPU in the signalprocessing unit ex507 can improve the processing speed. Furthermore, asanother example, the CPU ex502 may serve as or be a part of the signalprocessing unit ex507, and, for example, may include an audio signalprocessing unit. In such a case, the control unit ex501 includes thesignal processing unit ex507 or the CPU ex502 including a part of thesignal processing unit ex507.

The name used here is LSI, but it may also be called IC, system LSI,super LSI, or ultra LSI depending on the degree of integration.

Moreover, ways to achieve integration are not limited to the LSI, and aspecial circuit or a general purpose processor and so forth can alsoachieve the integration. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) that canbe programmed after manufacturing LSIs or a reconfigurable processorthat allows re-configuration of the connection or configuration of anLSI can be used for the same purpose.

In the future, with advancement in semiconductor technology, a brand-newtechnology may replace LSI. The functional blocks can be integratedusing such a technology. The possibility is that the present inventionis applied to biotechnology.

Embodiment 8

When video data generated in the moving picture coding method or by themoving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments isdecoded, it is possible for the processing amount to increase comparedto when video data that conforms to a conventional standard, such asMPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1 is decoded. Thus, the LSI ex500 needs to beset to a driving frequency higher than that of the CPU ex502 to be usedwhen video data in conformity with the conventional standard is decoded.However, when the driving frequency is set higher, there is a problemthat the power consumption increases.

In order to solve the problem, the moving picture decoding apparatus,such as the television ex300 and the LSI ex500 is configured todetermine to which standard the video data conforms, and switch betweenthe driving frequencies according to the determined standard. FIG. 33illustrates a configuration ex800 in the present embodiment. A drivingfrequency switching unit ex803 sets a driving frequency to a higherdriving frequency when video data is generated by the moving picturecoding method or the moving picture coding apparatus described in eachof embodiments. Then, the driving frequency switching unit ex803instructs a decoding processing unit ex801 that executes the movingpicture decoding method described in each of embodiments to decode thevideo data. When the video data conforms to the conventional standard,the driving frequency switching unit ex803 sets a driving frequency to alower driving frequency than that of the video data generated by themoving picture coding method or the moving picture coding apparatusdescribed in each of embodiments. Then, the driving frequency switchingunit ex803 instructs the decoding processing unit ex802 that conforms tothe conventional standard to decode the video data.

More specifically, the driving frequency switching unit ex803 includesthe CPU ex502 and the driving frequency control unit ex512 in FIG. 32.Here, each of the decoding processing unit ex801 that executes themoving picture decoding method described in each of embodiments and thedecoding processing unit ex802 that conforms to the conventionalstandard corresponds to the signal processing unit ex507 in FIG. 32. TheCPU ex502 determines to which standard the video data conforms. Then,the driving frequency control unit ex512 determines a driving frequencybased on a signal from the CPU ex502. Furthermore, the signal processingunit ex507 decodes the video data based on the signal from the CPUex502. For example, it is possible that the identification informationdescribed in Embodiment 6 is used for identifying the video data. Theidentification information is not limited to the one described inEmbodiment 6 but may be any information as long as the informationindicates to which standard the video data conforms. For example, whenwhich standard video data conforms to can be determined based on anexternal signal for determining that the video data is used for atelevision or a disk, etc., the determination may be made based on suchan external signal. Furthermore, the CPU ex502 selects a drivingfrequency based on, for example, a look-up table in which the standardsof the video data are associated with the driving frequencies as shownin FIG. 35. The driving frequency can be selected by storing the look-uptable in the buffer ex508 and in an internal memory of an LSI, and withreference to the look-up table by the CPU ex502.

FIG. 34 illustrates steps for executing a method in the presentembodiment. First, in Step exS200, the signal processing unit ex507obtains identification information from the multiplexed data. Next, inStep exS201, the CPU ex502 determines whether or not the video data isgenerated by the coding method and the coding apparatus described ineach of embodiments, based on the identification information. When thevideo data is generated by the moving picture coding method and themoving picture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments, inStep exS202, the CPU ex502 transmits a signal for setting the drivingfrequency to a higher driving frequency to the driving frequency controlunit ex512. Then, the driving frequency control unit ex512 sets thedriving frequency to the higher driving frequency. On the other hand,when the identification information indicates that the video dataconforms to the conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, andVC-1, in Step exS203, the CPU ex502 transmits a signal for setting thedriving frequency to a lower driving frequency to the driving frequencycontrol unit ex512. Then, the driving frequency control unit ex512 setsthe driving frequency to the lower driving frequency than that in thecase where the video data is generated by the moving picture codingmethod and the moving picture coding apparatus described in each ofembodiment.

Furthermore, along with the switching of the driving frequencies, thepower conservation effect can be improved by changing the voltage to beapplied to the LSI ex500 or an apparatus including the LSI ex500. Forexample, when the driving frequency is set lower, it is possible thatthe voltage to be applied to the LSI ex500 or the apparatus includingthe LSI ex500 is set to a voltage lower than that in the case where thedriving frequency is set higher.

Furthermore, when the processing amount for decoding is larger, thedriving frequency may be set higher, and when the processing amount fordecoding is smaller, the driving frequency may be set lower as themethod for setting the driving frequency. Thus, the setting method isnot limited to the ones described above. For example, when theprocessing amount for decoding video data in conformity with MPEG-4 AVCis larger than the processing amount for decoding video data generatedby the moving picture coding method and the moving picture codingapparatus described in each of embodiments, it is possible that thedriving frequency is set in reverse order to the setting describedabove.

Furthermore, the method for setting the driving frequency is not limitedto the method for setting the driving frequency lower. For example, whenthe identification information indicates that the video data isgenerated by the moving picture coding method and the moving picturecoding apparatus described in each of embodiments, it is possible thatthe voltage to be applied to the LSI ex500 or the apparatus includingthe LSI ex500 is set higher. When the identification informationindicates that the video data conforms to the conventional standard,such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1, it is possible that the voltage tobe applied to the LSI ex500 or the apparatus including the LSI ex500 isset lower. As another example, it is possible that, when theidentification information indicates that the video data is generated bythe moving picture coding method and the moving picture coding apparatusdescribed in each of embodiments, the driving of the CPU ex502 is notsuspended, and when the identification information indicates that thevideo data conforms to the conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4AVC, and VC-1, the driving of the CPU ex502 is suspended at a given timebecause the CPU ex502 has extra processing capacity. It is possiblethat, even when the identification information indicates that the videodata is generated by the moving picture coding method and the movingpicture coding apparatus described in each of embodiments, in the casewhere the CPU ex502 has extra processing capacity, the driving of theCPU ex502 is suspended at a given time. In such a case, it is possiblethat the suspending time is set shorter than that in the case where whenthe identification information indicates that the video data conforms tothe conventional standard, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1.

Accordingly, the power conservation effect can be improved by switchingbetween the driving frequencies in accordance with the standard to whichthe video data conforms. Furthermore, when the LSI ex500 or theapparatus including the LSI ex500 is driven using a battery, the batterylife can be extended with the power conservation effect.

Embodiment 7

There are cases where a plurality of video data that conforms todifferent standards, is provided to the devices and systems, such as atelevision and a cellular phone. In order to enable decoding theplurality of video data that conforms to the different standards, thesignal processing unit ex507 of the LSI ex500 needs to conform to thedifferent standards. However, the problems of increase in the scale ofthe circuit of the LSI ex500 and increase in the cost arise with theindividual use of the signal processing units ex507 that conform to therespective standards.

In order to solve the problem, what is conceived is a configuration inwhich the decoding processing unit for implementing the moving picturedecoding method described in each of embodiments and the decodingprocessing unit that conforms to the conventional standard, such asMPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1 are partly shared. Ex900 in FIG. 36A showsan example of the configuration. For example, the moving picturedecoding method described in each of embodiments and the moving picturedecoding method that conforms to MPEG-4 AVC have, partly in common, thedetails of processing, such as entropy coding, inverse quantization,deblocking filtering, and motion compensated prediction. It is possiblefor a decoding processing unit ex902 that conforms to MPEG-4 AVC to beshared by common processing operations, and for a dedicated decodingprocessing unit ex901 to be used for processing which is unique to anaspect of the present invention and does not conform to MPEG-4 AVC. Inparticular, since the aspect of the present invention is characterizedby entropy decoding, it is possible, for example, for the dedicateddecoding processing unit ex901 to be used for entropy decoding, and forthe decoding processing unit to be shared by any or all of the otherprocessing, such as inverse quantization, deblocking filtering, andmotion compensation. The decoding processing unit for implementing themoving picture decoding method described in each of embodiments may beshared for the processing to be shared, and a dedicated decodingprocessing unit may be used for processing unique to that of MPEG-4 AVC.

Furthermore, ex1000 in FIG. 36B shows another example in that processingis partly shared. This example uses a configuration including adedicated decoding processing unit ex1001 that supports the processingunique to an aspect of the present invention, a dedicated decodingprocessing unit ex1002 that supports the processing unique to anotherconventional standard, and a decoding processing unit ex1003 thatsupports processing to be shared between the moving picture decodingmethod according to the aspect of the present invention and theconventional moving picture decoding method. Here, the dedicateddecoding processing units ex1001 and ex1002 are not necessarilyspecialized for the processing according to the aspect of the presentinvention and the processing of the conventional standard, respectively,and may be the ones capable of implementing general processing.Furthermore, the configuration of the present embodiment can beimplemented by the LSI ex500.

As such, reducing the scale of the circuit of an LSI and reducing thecost are possible by sharing the decoding processing unit for theprocessing to be shared between the moving picture decoding methodaccording to the aspect of the present invention and the moving picturedecoding method in conformity with the conventional standard.

Although image coding methods and image decoding methods according tothe plural aspects are described based on the Embodiments, the presentdisclosure is not limited to such Embodiments. Various modifications tothe present embodiments that can be conceived by those skilled in theart, and forms configured by combining constituent elements in differentembodiments without departing from the teachings of the presentdisclosure are included in the scope of one or more of the aspects.

Although the exemplary embodiments have been described, the claims ofthe present application are not limited to the previously describedembodiments. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate thatvarious modifications may be carried out on the respective embodiments,and other embodiments may be obtained by arbitrarily combining thestructural elements of the respective embodiments, without departingfrom the novel teachings and advantages of the subject matter describedin the appended claims. Therefore, such modifications and otherembodiments are included in the present disclosure.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present disclosure can be applied to an image coding method, animage decoding method, an image coding apparatus, and an image decodingapparatus. Furthermore, the present disclosure can be used inhigh-definition information display devices or image-capturing deviceswhich include an image coding apparatus, such as a television, a digitalvideo recorder, a car navigation system, a cellular phone, a digitalcamera, a digital video camera, and so on.

What is claimed is:
 1. Circuity executing operations, the operationscomprising: dividing a picture into tiles; coding the tiles to generatepieces of coded data, each of which corresponds to a different one ofthe tiles; and generating a bitstream including the pieces of codeddata, wherein the coding of the tiles includes: generating a first codestring by: coding a first tile of the tiles with reference to codinginformation of an already-coded tile neighboring the first tile when aboundary between the first tile and the already-coded tile is a firstboundary; and coding the first tile without reference to the codinginformation of the already-coded tile when the boundary between thefirst tile and the already-coded tile is a second boundary, and wherein,in the generating of the bitstream, the bitstream is generated toinclude tile boundary independence information, the tile boundaryindependence information indicating whether each boundary between thetiles is one of the first boundary and the second boundary.